Oxidation in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys

• Published in: Additive manufacturing 2021-05, Vol.41, p.101958, Article 101958
• Main Authors: Hauser, Tobias, Reisch, Raven T., Breese, Philipp P., Nalam, Yogesh, Joshi, Kaivalya S., Bela, Katharina, Kamps, Tobias, Volpp, Joerg, Kaplan, Alexander F.H.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anomalies; Direct energy deposition; In-situ monitoring; Manufacturing Systems Engineering; Produktionsutveckling; Surface oxidation; WAAM
• ISSN: 2214-8604; 2214-7810; 2214-7810
• DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.101958

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing is a near-net-shape machining technology that enables low-cost production of large and customised metal parts. In the present work, oxidation effects in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of the aluminium alloy AW4043/AlSi5(wt%) were investigated. Two main oxidation effects, the surface oxidation on aluminium parts and the oxidation anomalies in aluminium parts were observed and analysed. The surface oxidation on aluminium parts changed its colour during Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing from transparent to white. In the present work, it was shown by high-speed imaging that this change in the surface oxidation took place in the process zone, which was covered by inert gas. Since the white surface oxidation formed in an inert gas atmosphere, it was found that the arc interacts with the existing amorphous oxide layer of the previously deposited layer and turns it into a white duplex (crystalline and amorphous) oxide layer. In addition to the analysis of the white surface oxidation, oxidation anomalies, which occur at low shielding from the environment, were investigated. It was shown by physical experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, that these oxidation anomalies occur at inadequate gas flow rates, too big nozzle-to-work distances, process modes with too high heat input, or too high wire feed rates. Finally, a monitoring method based on light emission spectroscopy was used to detect oxidation anomalies as they create peaks in the spectral emission when they occur. [Display omitted] •The white layer on aluminium parts manufactured by WAAM is a duplex oxide layer.•High speed imaging shows the formation of the white oxide layer.•Impact of process parameters on oxidation anomalies.•Occurrence of oxidation anomalies in WAAM were investigated by CFD simulations.•Light emission spectroscopy can be used to detect oxidation anomalies.