Biomechanical determinants of oxygen extraction during cross-country skiing

To determine the relationship of muscle activation, force production, and cycle characteristics to O2 extraction during high‐ and lower‐intensity double poling (DP), nine well‐trained male cross‐country skiers performed DP on a treadmill for 3 min at 90% VO2peak followed by 6 min at 70%. During the...

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Published in:Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2013-02, Vol.23 (1), p.e9-e20
Main Authors: Stöggl, T., Björklund, G., Holmberg, H.-C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Arteries
Biomechanical Phenomena
Biomechanics
Blood Gas Analysis
blood lactate
catheters
Cross country skiing
Electromyography
EMG
Extraction processes
Heart Rate - physiology
Humans
Joints - physiology
Lower Extremity - physiology
Male
Muscle, Skeletal - physiology
Oxygen
oxygen consumption
Oxygen Consumption - physiology
plantar force
Pole force
Skiing - physiology
Sweden
Upper Extremity - physiology
Young Adult
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description To determine the relationship of muscle activation, force production, and cycle characteristics to O2 extraction during high‐ and lower‐intensity double poling (DP), nine well‐trained male cross‐country skiers performed DP on a treadmill for 3 min at 90% VO2peak followed by 6 min at 70%. During the final minute at each workload, arterial, femoral, and subclavian venous blood were collected for determination of partial pressure of O2, partial pressure of CO2, pH, and lactate. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from six upper and lower body muscles, leg and pole forces were measured, and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored continuously. O2 extraction was associated with time point of peak pole force (PFpeak), duration of recovery, EMG activity, and lower body use. Arm O2 extraction was lower than in the legs at both intensities (P 
doi_str_mv 10.1111/sms.12004
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During the final minute at each workload, arterial, femoral, and subclavian venous blood were collected for determination of partial pressure of O2, partial pressure of CO2, pH, and lactate. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from six upper and lower body muscles, leg and pole forces were measured, and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored continuously. O2 extraction was associated with time point of peak pole force (PFpeak), duration of recovery, EMG activity, and lower body use. Arm O2 extraction was lower than in the legs at both intensities (P &lt; 0.001) and was reduced to a lesser extent upon decreasing the workload (P &lt; 0.05). Arm root‐mean‐square EMG was higher during the poling phase and entire cycle compared with the legs (P &lt; 0.001). Blood lactate was higher in the subclavian than in femoral vein and artery (P &lt; 0.001) and independent of intensity. 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Cycle rate and recovery time were associated with O2 extraction during high‐intensity exercise only.</description><subject>Arteries</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biomechanics</subject><subject>Blood Gas Analysis</subject><subject>blood lactate</subject><subject>catheters</subject><subject>Cross country skiing</subject><subject>Electromyography</subject><subject>EMG</subject><subject>Extraction processes</subject><subject>Heart Rate - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Joints - physiology</subject><subject>Lower Extremity - physiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>oxygen consumption</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</subject><subject>plantar force</subject><subject>Pole force</subject><subject>Skiing - physiology</subject><subject>Sweden</subject><subject>Upper Extremity - physiology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0905-7188</issn><issn>1600-0838</issn><issn>1600-0838</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqF0U9rFDEYBvAgit1WD34BGfBiwWnzZzJJjrXarVgV2aLgJWSTzJp2JlmTCd399ma72z0I0lwC4ZeHl_cB4BWCJ6ic0zSkE4QhbJ6ACWohrCEn_CmYQAFpzRDnB-AwpRsIERMNfQ4OMIFEQEEn4PN7FwarfyvvtOorY0cbB-eVH1MVuiqs1gvrK7sao9KjC74yOTq_qHQMKdU6ZD_GdZVuXXl8AZ51qk_25e4-AtcXH6_PL-urb9NP52dXtaYtbWqLSUt1x6FgCluu6ZwazmlntMZsM1UrFGkJU7zDRjSCYGgYsrCZd60xhByBehub7uwyz-UyukHFtQzKyQ_ux5kMcSEHl71EjPKNf_e478cseUMoK_ztli9j-JNtGktW0rbvlbchJ4kwp2V0XHb8OGWEcF7GKPTNP_Qm5OjLmopqCxEC46KOt-p-vdF2-2ERlJuqZala3ldd7OtdYp4P1uzlQ7cFnG7Bnevt-v9JcvZl9hC526xLo13tf6h4K1tGGJU_v07lr4vp9DuatfKS_AVjUMGz</recordid><startdate>201302</startdate><enddate>201302</enddate><creator>Stöggl, T.</creator><creator>Björklund, G.</creator><creator>Holmberg, H.-C.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>DG5</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201302</creationdate><title>Biomechanical determinants of oxygen extraction during cross-country skiing</title><author>Stöggl, T. ; 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source Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection; SPORTDiscus with Full Text
subjects Arteries
Biomechanical Phenomena
Biomechanics
Blood Gas Analysis
blood lactate
catheters
Cross country skiing
Electromyography
EMG
Extraction processes
Heart Rate - physiology
Humans
Joints - physiology
Lower Extremity - physiology
Male
Muscle, Skeletal - physiology
Oxygen
oxygen consumption
Oxygen Consumption - physiology
plantar force
Pole force
Skiing - physiology
Sweden
Upper Extremity - physiology
Young Adult
title Biomechanical determinants of oxygen extraction during cross-country skiing
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