Report on recent results of the PERCIVAL soft X-ray imager

• Published in: Journal of instrumentation 2016-11, Vol.11 (11), p.C11020-C11020, Article C11020
• Main Authors: Khromova, A., Cautero, G., Giuressi, D., Menk, R., Pinaroli, G., Stebel, L., Correa, J., Marras, A., Wunderer, C.B., Lange, S., Tennert, M., Niemann, M., Hirsemann, H., Smoljanin, S., Reza, S., Graafsma, H., Göttlicher, P., Shevyakov, I., Supra, J., Xia, Q., Zimmer, M., Guerrini, N., Marsh, B., Sedgwick, I., Nicholls, T., Turchetta, R., Pedersen, U., Tartoni, N., Hyun, H.J., Kim, K.S., Rah, S.Y., Hoenk, M.E., Jewell, A.D., Jones, T.J., Nikzad, S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Instrumentation for FEL; Solid state detectors; X-ray detectors
• ISSN: 1748-0221; 1748-0221
• DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/11/11/C11020

The PERCIVAL (Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile And Large) soft X-ray 2D imaging detector is based on stitched, wafer-scale sensors possessing a thick epi-layer, which together with back-thinning and back-side illumination yields elevated quantum efficiency in the photon energy range of 125–1000 eV. Main application fields of PERCIVAL are foreseen in photon science with FELs and synchrotron radiation. This requires high dynamic range up to 105 ph @ 250 eV paired with single photon sensitivity with high confidence at moderate frame rates in the range of 10–120 Hz. These figures imply the availability of dynamic gain switching on a pixel-by-pixel basis and a highly parallel, low noise analog and digital readout, which has been realized in the PERCIVAL sensor layout. Different aspects of the detector performance have been assessed using prototype sensors with different pixel and ADC types. This work will report on the recent test results performed on the newest chip prototypes with the improved pixel and ADC architecture. For the target frame rates in the 10–120 Hz range an average noise floor of 14e− has been determined, indicating the ability of detecting single photons with energies above 250 eV. Owing to the successfully implemented adaptive 3-stage multiple-gain switching, the integrated charge level exceeds 4 centerdot 106 e− or 57000 X-ray photons at 250 eV per frame at 120 Hz. For all gains the noise level remains below the Poisson limit also in high-flux conditions. Additionally, a short overview over the updates on an oncoming 2 Mpixel (P2M) detector system (expected at the end of 2016) will be reported.