Prey Shifts Drive Venom Evolution in Cone Snails

Abstract Venom systems are complex traits that have independently emerged multiple times in diverse plant and animal phyla. Within each venomous lineage there typically exists interspecific variation in venom composition where several factors have been proposed as drivers of variation, including phy...

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Published in:Molecular biology and evolution 2024-08, Vol.41 (8), p.1
Main Authors: Koch, Thomas Lund, Robinson, Samuel D, Salcedo, Paula Flórez, Chase, Kevin, Biggs, Jason, Fedosov, Alexander E, Yandell, Mark, Olivera, Baldomero M, Safavi-Hemami, Helena
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Biological Evolution
Conus Snail - genetics
Discoveries
Diversity of life
Evolution, Molecular
Livets mångfald
Mollusk Venoms - genetics
Phylogeny
Predatory Behavior
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Summary:Abstract Venom systems are complex traits that have independently emerged multiple times in diverse plant and animal phyla. Within each venomous lineage there typically exists interspecific variation in venom composition where several factors have been proposed as drivers of variation, including phylogeny and diet. Understanding these factors is of broad biological interest and has implications for the development of antivenom therapies and venom-based drug discovery. Because of their high species richness and the presence of several major evolutionary prey shifts, venomous marine cone snails (genus Conus) provide an ideal system to investigate drivers of interspecific venom variation. Here, by analyzing the venom gland expression profiles of ∼3,000 toxin genes from 42 species of cone snail, we elucidate the role of prey-specific selection pressures in shaping venom variation. By analyzing overall venom composition and individual toxin structures, we demonstrate that the shifts from vermivory to piscivory in Conus are complemented by distinct changes in venom composition independent of phylogeny. In vivo injections of venom from piscivorous cone snails in fish further showed a higher potency compared with venom of nonpiscivores demonstrating a selective advantage. Together, our findings provide compelling evidence for the role of prey shifts in directing the venom composition of cone snails and expand our understanding of the mechanisms of venom variation and diversification.
ISSN:0737-4038
1537-1719
1537-1719
DOI:10.1093/molbev/msae120