A Numerical Stream Transport Modeling Approach Including Multiple Conceptualizations of Hyporheic Exchange and Spatial Variability to Assess Contaminant Removal

• Published in: Water resources research 2020-03, Vol.56 (3), p.n/a
• Main Authors: McCallum, James L., Höhne, Anja, Schaper, Jonas L., Shanafield, Margaret, Banks, Edward W., Posselt, Malte, Batelaan, Okke, Lewandowski, Jörg
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Coefficients; Contaminants; Data interpretation; Diclofenac; Ecosystem management; Exchange coefficients; Exchanging; Hyporheic zone; Hyporheic zones; Mathematical models; Modelling; numerical modeling; Organic compounds; Pollutant removal; Pollution control; Power law; Removal; Residence time; Rivers; Spatial variability; Spatial variations; Streams; tracer testing; Tracers
• ISSN: 0043-1397; 1944-7973; 1944-7973
• DOI: 10.1029/2019WR024987

Understanding the mechanisms and controls on contaminant removal in streams is essential in managing human and ecosystem health. The hyporheic zone (HZ) plays a key role in the removal of contaminants from streams. Often, tracer tests are implemented in conjunction with measurements of compounds to assess the removal rates of contaminants in streams. The predicted removal rates largely rely on the estimated hyporheic residence time, and hence, the chosen conceptual model of hyporheic exchange flows (HEFs) will influence the predicted removal rate. Despite this, different HEF models are generally not considered when assessing contaminant removal rates. In this paper, we present a numerical modeling approach for interpreting tracer tests to determine contaminant removal rates that allows for multiple conceptual models of HEF to be considered. We demonstrate this method by interpreting data from a conservative tracer test in conjunction with grab samples of trace organic compounds using two commonly used models of HEF: one that assumes first‐order exchange between the stream and the HZ and one that considers a power law weighting of first‐order exchange coefficients. For the three degrading compounds measured, guanylurea, valsartan, and diclofenac, we observed that the power law model consistently predicted higher removal rates in the stream compared to the first‐order model. Variations were also observed between the removal rates estimated in the HZ. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple conceptualizations of the HEF when assessing contaminant removal rates. Key Points We present a flexible numerical modelling approach for incorporating hyporheic zone conceptualizations into one‐dimensional stream transport models to determine better removal rate constants The model allows for the full range of hyporheic residence times to be considered when determining contaminant removal The choice of the hyporheic exchange model has an impact on the predicted removal of contaminants