Interactions between TGF-β type I receptor and hypoxia-inducible factor-α mediates a synergistic crosstalk leading to poor prognosis for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

• Published in: Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Tex.), 2019-09, Vol.18 (17), p.2141-2156
• Main Authors: Mallikarjuna, Pramod, T. Sitaram, Raviprakash, Aripaka, Karthik, Ljungberg, Börje, Landström, Marene
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: ALK5; clear cell renal cell carcinoma; HIF-α; Research Paper; SNAIL1; transforming growth factor-β
• ISSN: 1538-4101; 1551-4005; 1551-4005
• DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1642069

To investigate the significance of expression of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and SNAIL1 proteins; and TGF-β signaling pathway proteins in ccRCC, their relation with clinicopathological parameters and patient's survival were examined. We also investigated potential crosstalk between HIF-α and TGF-β signaling pathway, including the TGF-β type 1 receptor (ALK5-FL) and the intracellular domain of ALK5 (ALK5-ICD). Tissue samples from 154 ccRCC patients and comparable adjacent kidney cortex samples from 38 patients were analyzed for HIF-1α/2α, TGF-β signaling components, and SNAIL1 proteins by immunoblot. Protein expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α were significantly higher, while SNAIL1 had similar expression levels in ccRCC compared with the kidney cortex. HIF-2α associated with poor cancer-specific survival, while HIF-1α and SNAIL1 did not associate with survival. Moreover, HIF-2α positively correlated with ALK5-ICD, pSMAD2/3, and PAI-1; HIF-1α positively correlated with pSMAD2/3; SNAIL1 positively correlated with ALK5-FL, ALK5-ICD, pSMAD2/3, PAI-1, and HIF-2α. Intriguingly, in vitro experiments performed under normoxic conditions revealed that ALK5 interacts with HIF-1α and HIF-2α, and promotes their expression and the expression of their target genes GLUT1 and CA9, in a VHL dependent manner. We found that ALK5 induces expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, through its kinase activity. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-α proteins correlated with the activated TGF-β signaling pathway. In conclusion, we reveal that ALK5 plays a pivotal role in synergistic crosstalk between TGF-β signaling and hypoxia pathway, and that the interaction between ALK5 and HIF-α contributes to tumor progression.