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The relationship between fear and pain levels during needle procedures in children from the parents' perspective
Background The primary objective was to determine the levels of and potential relationships between procedure‐related fear and pain in children. Secondary objectives were to determine if there are associations between the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since l...
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| Published in: | European journal of pain 2016-02, Vol.20 (2), p.223-230 |
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| Language: | English |
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| container_end_page | 230 |
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 223 |
| container_title | European journal of pain |
| container_volume | 20 |
| creator | Hedén, L. von Essen, L. Ljungman, G. |
| description | Background
The primary objective was to determine the levels of and potential relationships between procedure‐related fear and pain in children. Secondary objectives were to determine if there are associations between the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol levels and the parent's fear level in relation to fear and pain.
Methods
The child's level of pain and fear was reported by parents on 0–100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS). One hundred and fifty‐one children were included consecutively when undergoing routine needle insertion into a subcutaneously implanted intravenous port. All children were subjected to one needle insertion following topical anaesthesia (EMLA) application. The effect of the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol change levels and the parent's fear level, on fear and pain levels was investigated with multiple regression analysis.
Results
The needle‐related fear level (VAS mean 28 mm) was higher than the needle‐related pain level (VAS mean 17 mm) when topical anaesthesia is used according to parents' reports (n = 151, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ejp.711 |
| format | article |
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The primary objective was to determine the levels of and potential relationships between procedure‐related fear and pain in children. Secondary objectives were to determine if there are associations between the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol levels and the parent's fear level in relation to fear and pain.
Methods
The child's level of pain and fear was reported by parents on 0–100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS). One hundred and fifty‐one children were included consecutively when undergoing routine needle insertion into a subcutaneously implanted intravenous port. All children were subjected to one needle insertion following topical anaesthesia (EMLA) application. The effect of the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol change levels and the parent's fear level, on fear and pain levels was investigated with multiple regression analysis.
Results
The needle‐related fear level (VAS mean 28 mm) was higher than the needle‐related pain level (VAS mean 17 mm) when topical anaesthesia is used according to parents' reports (n = 151, p < 0.001). With fear as the dependent variable, age and pain were significantly associated and explained 33% of the variance, and with pain as the dependent variable, fear, parents' fear and change in cortisol level were significantly associated and explained 38% of the variance.
Conclusions
According to parents, children experienced more fear than pain during needle insertion when topical anaesthesia is used. Therefore, in addition to pain management, an extended focus on fear‐reducing interventions is suggested for needle procedures.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1090-3801</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1532-2149</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1532-2149</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ejp.711</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25845466</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Child ; Child, Preschool ; Fear - psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Injections - psychology ; Male ; Needles ; Pain - psychology ; Pain Measurement ; Parents - psychology</subject><ispartof>European journal of pain, 2016-02, Vol.20 (2), p.223-230</ispartof><rights>2015 European Pain Federation ‐ EFIC</rights><rights>2015 European Pain Federation - EFIC</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4981-324375f40469092959668c4ba6eaf4b9dfd90d4df5c73bc2a150213ef6e473c43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4981-324375f40469092959668c4ba6eaf4b9dfd90d4df5c73bc2a150213ef6e473c43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25845466$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-11874$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-251342$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hedén, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von Essen, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ljungman, G.</creatorcontrib><title>The relationship between fear and pain levels during needle procedures in children from the parents' perspective</title><title>European journal of pain</title><addtitle>Eur J Pain</addtitle><description>Background
The primary objective was to determine the levels of and potential relationships between procedure‐related fear and pain in children. Secondary objectives were to determine if there are associations between the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol levels and the parent's fear level in relation to fear and pain.
Methods
The child's level of pain and fear was reported by parents on 0–100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS). One hundred and fifty‐one children were included consecutively when undergoing routine needle insertion into a subcutaneously implanted intravenous port. All children were subjected to one needle insertion following topical anaesthesia (EMLA) application. The effect of the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol change levels and the parent's fear level, on fear and pain levels was investigated with multiple regression analysis.
Results
The needle‐related fear level (VAS mean 28 mm) was higher than the needle‐related pain level (VAS mean 17 mm) when topical anaesthesia is used according to parents' reports (n = 151, p < 0.001). With fear as the dependent variable, age and pain were significantly associated and explained 33% of the variance, and with pain as the dependent variable, fear, parents' fear and change in cortisol level were significantly associated and explained 38% of the variance.
Conclusions
According to parents, children experienced more fear than pain during needle insertion when topical anaesthesia is used. Therefore, in addition to pain management, an extended focus on fear‐reducing interventions is suggested for needle procedures.</description><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Fear - psychology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Injections - psychology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Needles</subject><subject>Pain - psychology</subject><subject>Pain Measurement</subject><subject>Parents - psychology</subject><issn>1090-3801</issn><issn>1532-2149</issn><issn>1532-2149</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkVtv1DAQRiMEoqUg_gHyW5Egxbc48WO1LS1txUUqF_FiOfak6-JNXDvp0n-PV2mXJ8STx6MzR6P5iuIlwQcEY_oOrsNBTcijYpdUjJaUcPk411jikjWY7BTPUrrGGPMas6fFDq0aXnEhdotwuQQUwevRDX1auoBaGNcAPepAR6R7i4J2PfJwCz4hO0XXX6EewHpAIQ4GcgsSyohZOm_jZjIOKzRmb9D5O6Z9FCCmAGZ0t_C8eNJpn-DF_btXfH1_fLk4LS8-nXxYHF6UhsuGlIxyVlcdx1xILKmspBCN4a0WoDveSttZiS23XWVq1hqqSYUpYdAJ4DUznO0Vb2dvWkOYWhWiW-l4pwbt1JH7dqiGeKWmSdGKME4z_ub_-LJVhDT1Rv56pvMFbiZIo1q5ZMB73cMwJUVqkZdmtBIZ3Z9RE4eUInRbNcFqk53K2amcXSZf3UundgV2yz2E9XfHtfNw9y-POj77POvKmXZphN9bWsdfStT5tur7xxN1zpuzn6c_FuoL-wOYibJf</recordid><startdate>201602</startdate><enddate>201602</enddate><creator>Hedén, L.</creator><creator>von Essen, L.</creator><creator>Ljungman, G.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>DF9</scope><scope>DF2</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201602</creationdate><title>The relationship between fear and pain levels during needle procedures in children from the parents' perspective</title><author>Hedén, L. ; von Essen, L. ; Ljungman, G.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4981-324375f40469092959668c4ba6eaf4b9dfd90d4df5c73bc2a150213ef6e473c43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Fear - psychology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Injections - psychology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Needles</topic><topic>Pain - psychology</topic><topic>Pain Measurement</topic><topic>Parents - psychology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hedén, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von Essen, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ljungman, G.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Högskolan i Borås</collection><collection>SWEPUB Uppsala universitet</collection><jtitle>European journal of pain</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hedén, L.</au><au>von Essen, L.</au><au>Ljungman, G.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The relationship between fear and pain levels during needle procedures in children from the parents' perspective</atitle><jtitle>European journal of pain</jtitle><addtitle>Eur J Pain</addtitle><date>2016-02</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>223</spage><epage>230</epage><pages>223-230</pages><issn>1090-3801</issn><issn>1532-2149</issn><eissn>1532-2149</eissn><abstract>Background
The primary objective was to determine the levels of and potential relationships between procedure‐related fear and pain in children. Secondary objectives were to determine if there are associations between the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol levels and the parent's fear level in relation to fear and pain.
Methods
The child's level of pain and fear was reported by parents on 0–100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS). One hundred and fifty‐one children were included consecutively when undergoing routine needle insertion into a subcutaneously implanted intravenous port. All children were subjected to one needle insertion following topical anaesthesia (EMLA) application. The effect of the child's age and sex, diagnostic group, time since diagnosis, time since last needle insertion, cortisol change levels and the parent's fear level, on fear and pain levels was investigated with multiple regression analysis.
Results
The needle‐related fear level (VAS mean 28 mm) was higher than the needle‐related pain level (VAS mean 17 mm) when topical anaesthesia is used according to parents' reports (n = 151, p < 0.001). With fear as the dependent variable, age and pain were significantly associated and explained 33% of the variance, and with pain as the dependent variable, fear, parents' fear and change in cortisol level were significantly associated and explained 38% of the variance.
Conclusions
According to parents, children experienced more fear than pain during needle insertion when topical anaesthesia is used. Therefore, in addition to pain management, an extended focus on fear‐reducing interventions is suggested for needle procedures.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>25845466</pmid><doi>10.1002/ejp.711</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | Wiley:Jisc Collections:Wiley Read and Publish Open Access 2024-2025 (reading list) |
| subjects | Child Child, Preschool Fear - psychology Female Humans Injections - psychology Male Needles Pain - psychology Pain Measurement Parents - psychology |
| title | The relationship between fear and pain levels during needle procedures in children from the parents' perspective |
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