Correlation between distribution and shape of VMS deposits and regional deformation patterns, Skellefte district, northern Sweden

• Published in: Mineralium deposita 2014-06, Vol.49 (5), p.555-573
• Main Authors: Bauer, Tobias E., Skyttä, Pietari, Hermansson, Tobias, Allen, Rodney L., Weihed, Pär
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Deformation; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Geochemistry; Geological time; Geology; Malmgeologi; Mineral exploration; Mineral Resources; Mineralization; Mineralogy; Ocean floor; Ore Geology; Pyrite; Rock deformation; Sedimentary rocks; Stratigraphy; Sulfides
• ISSN: 0026-4598; 1432-1866; 1432-1866
• DOI: 10.1007/s00126-013-0503-2

The Skellefte district in northern Sweden is host to abundant volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits comprising pyritic, massive, semi-massive and disseminated Zn–Cu–Au ± Pb ores surrounded by disseminated pyrite and with or without stockwork mineralisation. The VMS deposits are associated with Palaeoproterozoic upper crustal extension (D 1 ) that resulted in the development of normal faults and related transfer faults. The VMS ores formed as sub-seafloor replacement in both felsic volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks and partly as exhalative deposits within the uppermost part of the volcanic stratigraphy. Subsequently, the district was subjected to deformation (D 2 ) during crustal shortening. Comparing the distribution of VMS deposits with the regional fault pattern reveals a close spatial relationship of VMS deposits to the faults that formed during crustal extension (D 1 ) utilising the syn-extensional faults as fluid conduits. Analysing the shape and orientation of VMS ore bodies shows how their deformation pattern mimics those of the hosting structures and results from the overprinting D 2 deformation. Furthermore, regional structural transitions are imitated in the deformation patterns of the ore bodies. Plotting the aspect ratios of VMS ore bodies and the comparison with undeformed equivalents in the Hokuroko district, Japan allow an estimation of apparent strain and show correlation with the D 2 deformation intensity of the certain structural domains. A comparison of the size of VMS deposits with their location shows that the smallest deposits are not related to known high-strain zones and the largest deposits are associated with regional-scale high-strain zones. The comparison of distribution and size with the pattern of high-strain zones provides an important tool for regional-scale mineral exploration in the Skellefte district, whereas the analysis of ore body shape and orientation can aid near-mine exploration activities.