ForestTemp – Sub‐canopy microclimate temperatures of European forests

• Published in: Global change biology 2021-12, Vol.27 (23), p.6307-6319
• Main Authors: Haesen, Stef, Lembrechts, Jonas J., De Frenne, Pieter, Lenoir, Jonathan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya, Nijs, Ivan, Niittynen, Pekka, Hoogen, Johan, Arriga, Nicola, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Čiliak, Marek, Collalti, Alessio, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Descombes, Patrice, Gharun, Mana, Goded, Ignacio, Govaert, Sanne, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Gruening, Carsten, Hederová, Lucia, Hylander, Kristoffer, Kreyling, Jürgen, Kruijt, Bart, Macek, Martin, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Matula, Radim, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Minerbi, Stefano, Montagnani, Leonardo, Muffler, Lena, Ogaya, Romà, Penuelas, Josep, Plichta, Roman, Portillo‐Estrada, Miguel, Schmeddes, Jonas, Shekhar, Ankit, Spicher, Fabien, Ujházyová, Mariana, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Zellweger, Florian, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural sciences; Air temperature; Bioclimatology; Biodiversity; Biodiversity and Ecology; Biological activity; boosted regression trees; Canopies; Canopy; Climate; Climate change; Climatic conditions; Climatic data; Ecological research; Ecology; Ecology, environment; ecosystem processes; Ekologi; Environmental conditions; Environmental Sciences; forest microclimate; Forestry research; Forests; Herbivores; Landscape; Learning algorithms; Life Sciences; Machine learning; Mean; Microclimate; Plant cover; Resolution; Silviculture, forestry; SoilTemp; Spatial discrimination; Spatial resolution; species distributions; Temperature; Temperature measurement; thermal buffering
• ISSN: 1354-1013; 1365-2486; 1365-2486
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15892

Ecological research heavily relies on coarse‐gridded climate data based on standardized temperature measurements recorded at 2 m height in open landscapes. However, many organisms experience environmental conditions that differ substantially from those captured by these macroclimatic (i.e. free air) temperature grids. In forests, the tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub‐canopy microclimatic conditions, thereby affecting biological and ecological processes. To improve the assessment of climatic conditions and climate‐change‐related impacts on forest‐floor biodiversity and functioning, high‐resolution temperature grids reflecting forest microclimates are thus urgently needed. Combining more than 1200 time series of in situ near‐surface forest temperature with topographical, biological and macroclimatic variables in a machine learning model, we predicted the mean monthly offset between sub‐canopy temperature at 15 cm above the surface and free‐air temperature over the period 2000–2020 at a spatial resolution of 25 m across Europe. This offset was used to evaluate the difference between microclimate and macroclimate across space and seasons and finally enabled us to calculate mean annual and monthly temperatures for European forest understories. We found that sub‐canopy air temperatures differ substantially from free‐air temperatures, being on average 2.1°C (standard deviation ± 1.6°C) lower in summer and 2.0°C higher (±0.7°C) in winter across Europe. Additionally, our high‐resolution maps expose considerable microclimatic variation within landscapes, not captured by the gridded macroclimatic products. The provided forest sub‐canopy temperature maps will enable future research to model below‐canopy biological processes and patterns, as well as species distributions more accurately. Combining more than 1200 time series of in situ near‐surface forest temperatures with topographical, biological and macroclimatic variables in a machine learning model, we predicted the mean monthly offset between sub‐canopy temperature at 15 cm above the surface and free‐air temperature over the period 2000–2020 at a spatial resolution of 25 m across Europe. This offset was used to evaluate the difference between microclimate and macroclimate across space and seasons and finally enabled us to calculate mean annual and monthly temperatures for European forest understories.