Nutrient challenges with solid-phase anaerobic digestate as a peat substitute – Storage decreased ammonium toxicity but increased phosphorus availability

• Published in: Waste management (Elmsford) 2023-06, Vol.165, p.128-139
• Main Authors: Caspersen, Siri, Oskarsson, Camilla, Asp, Håkan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Available nutrients; Biogas effluent; CAT-extraction; Circular economy; Food; Förnyelsebar bioenergi; Growing media; Lactuca sativa; Nutrients; Ocimum basilicum; Phosphorus; Refuse Disposal; Renewable Bioenergy Research; Soil - chemistry
• ISSN: 0956-053X; 1879-2456; 1879-2456
• DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.032

•Fresh and incubated solid fraction of anaerobic digestate was used in bioassays.•High NH4+/NH3 in fresh solid digestate limited plant growth.•NH4-N rapidly decreased during the first 14 days of incubation.•Incubation strongly increased available P, Mg, Fe, Zn and Al.•High available P, NH4+ and Cl- may limit use of the solid fraction in horticulture. The solid fraction (SD) obtained after liquid – solid separation of anaerobic digestate is interesting as a potential fertilizer as well as a peat substitute in horticultural growing substrates. We investigated the effect of incubation of the SD obtained by screw-press separation of digestate produced from food waste and plant residues on potentially plant available mineral nutrients and plant growth. The NH4-N concentration was initially > 1000 mg L-1 but rapidly decreased, probably due to NH3 emission promoted by a high initial pH. No nitrate was detected during the first four weeks of incubation. The concentrations of potentially available P and Mg were closely related and strongly increased during incubation. The effect of adding 20 or 30 vol% of SD to a peat-based growing substrate on the growth of basil and lettuce was investigated before and after the incubation period. With the unincubated SD, the initial substrate NH4-N of 200–300 mg L-1 was potentially phytotoxic. Plant growth response ranged from inhibition to stimulation, probably reflecting variation in substrate ammonium status. After 96 days of incubation, ammonium concentrations had decreased with > 50% and basil growth was generally positively affected by addition of incubated SD. However, available P concentrations of 140–210 mg L-1 in the incubated substrates posed a high risk of P leakage. In conclusion, storage greatly reduced NH4-N concentrations and phytotoxicity when the SD was used as a partial substituent for peat in a horticultural growing substrate. Measures are needed, however, to limit available P concentrations in high-P solid digestate fractions.