New alkylresorcinol metabolites in spot urine as biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye intake in a Swedish middle-aged population

• Published in: European journal of clinical nutrition 2018-10, Vol.72 (10), p.1439-1446
• Main Authors: Landberg, Rikard, Wierzbicka, Roksana, Shi, Lin, Nybacka, Sanna, Kamal-Eldin, Afaf, Hedblad, Bo, Lindroos, Anna Karin, Winkvist, Anna, Forslund, Heléne Bertéus
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 5 dihydroxybenzamido)acetic acid; 5 dihydroxycinnamic acid; 5 dihydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid; 692/308/53; 692/53; Acetic acid; adults; alkylresorcinol; alkylresorcinols; Amino acids; Annan klinisk medicin; biological marker; Biological markers; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - urine; cereal fiber intake; Clinical Medicine; Clinical Nutrition; consumption; Correlation coefficient; Correlation coefficients; Creatinine; Diet; dietary; Dietary Fiber - administration & dosage; Epidemiology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Glycine; Grain; Grain products; Health; healthy; Humans; Ingestion; insulin sensitivity; Internal Medicine; Klinisk medicin; Male; Medical and Health Sciences; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Metabolites; Methods; Middle Aged; Nutrition & Dietetics; Nutrition and Dietetics; Nutritional assessment; Näringslära; Observations; Organic acids; Other Clinical Medicine; plasma; Population studies; postmenopausal women; Public Health; randomized controlled-trial; Reproducibility; Reproducibility of Results; resorcinol derivative; Resorcinols - urine; Rye; Secale; Sweden; Triticum; Type 2 diabetes; unclassified drug; Urinalysis; Urine; Wheat; Whole Grains
• ISSN: 0954-3007; 1476-5640; 1476-5640
• DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0079-5

Background/objectives Studies on the health effects of whole grains typically use self-reported intakes which are prone to large measurement errors. Dietary biomarkers that can provide an objective measure of intake are needed. New alkylresorcinol (AR) metabolites (3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA), 2-(3,5-dihydroxybenzamido)acetic acid (DHBA-glycine) and 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid (DHPPTA)) in 24 h urine samples have been suggested as biomarkers for whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intake but remain to be evaluated in spot urine samples. Subjects/methods The reproducibility of the new AR metabolites (DHCA, DHBA-glycine and DHPPTA) was investigated in 4 repeated samples over a period of 2 wk in spot urine from 40 Swedish men and women enroled in the SCAPIS-study, after adjustment of creatinine. Metabolite concentrations were correlated with total whole grain intake estimated during the same period. Results The medium-term reproducibility determined for DHCA, DHPPTA and DHBA-glycine varied from moderate to excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.35–0.67). Moreover, DHCA and DHBA-glycine were independently associated with self-reported total WG intake ( β  = 0.18, P  = 0.08 and β  = 0.18, P  = 0.02, respectively) and all metabolites except for DHPPA were higher among women. Conclusions This study supports the idea of using AR metabolites in one or several spot urine samples as biomarkers of whole grain intake. These findings need to be confirmed in different populations.