Food for thought: addressing undernutrition to end tuberculosis

• Published in: The Lancet infectious diseases 2021-10, Vol.21 (10), p.e318-e325
• Main Authors: Sinha, Pranay, Lönnroth, Knut, Bhargava, Anurag, Heysell, Scott K, Sarkar, Sonali, Salgame, Padmini, Rudgard, William, Boccia, Delia, Van Aartsen, Daniel, Hochberg, Natasha S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antitubercular Agents - therapeutic use; Bacterial infections; Clinical outcomes; COVID-19; Dietary supplements; Disease prevention; Food; Global Health; Health services; Humans; Immunology; Incidence; Infectious diseases; Malnutrition; Malnutrition - epidemiology; Malnutrition - physiopathology; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Modelling; Mortality; Nutrition; Nutritional Status; Pandemics; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology; Prisoners of war & missing in action; Public health; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Social protection; Strategy; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis - drug therapy; Tuberculosis - epidemiology; Tuberculosis - physiopathology; Undernutrition; Vaccines; Womens health
• ISSN: 1473-3099; 1474-4457; 1474-4457
• DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30792-1

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of deaths from an infectious disease worldwide. WHO's End TB Strategy is falling short of several 2020 targets. Undernutrition is the leading population-level risk factor for tuberculosis. Studies have consistently found that undernutrition is associated with increased tuberculosis incidence, increased severity, worse treatment outcomes, and increased mortality. Modelling studies support implementing nutritional interventions for people living with tuberculosis and those at risk of tuberculosis disease to ensure the success of the End TB Strategy. In this Personal View, we highlight nutrition-related immunocompromisation, implications of undernutrition for tuberculosis treatment and prevention, the role of nutritional supplementation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimycobacterial medications in undernourished people with tuberculosis, and the role of social protection interventions in addressing undernutrition as a tuberculosis risk factor. To catalyse action on this insufficiently addressed accelerant of the global tuberculosis epidemic, research should be prioritised to understand the immunological pathways that are impaired by nutrient deficiencies, develop tools to diagnose clinical and subclinical tuberculosis in people who are undernourished, and understand how nutritional status affects the efficacy of tuberculosis vaccine and therapy. Through primary research, modelling, and implementation research, policy change should also be accelerated, particularly in countries with a high burden of tuberculosis.