Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults-results from a Swedish case-control study

• Published in: Diabetic medicine 2014-07, Vol.31 (7), p.799-805
• Main Authors: Löfvenborg, J. E., Andersson, T., Carlsson, P.-O., Dorkhan, M., Groop, L., Martinell, M., Rasouli, B., Storm, P., Tuomi, T., Carlsson, S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acids; Adult; Age Factors; ANDIS; Autoimmune diseases; Autoimmunity - drug effects; Biological and medical sciences; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Clinical Medicine; Coffee; Coffee - adverse effects; Consumption; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - immunology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - immunology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - prevention & control; Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance; Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases); Endocrinology and Diabetes; Endocrinopathies; Endokrinologi och diabetes; Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Health risk assessment; Humans; Klinisk medicin; Male; Medical and Health Sciences; Medical sciences; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Risk Factors; Smoking; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweden - epidemiology; T cell receptors; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Vertebrates: endocrinology
• ISSN: 0742-3071; 1464-5491; 1464-5491
• DOI: 10.1111/dme.12469

Aims Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate if coffee intake may also reduce the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, an autoimmune form of diabetes with features of Type 2 diabetes. Methods We used data from a population‐based case–control study with incident cases of adult onset (≥ 35 years) diabetes, including 245 cases of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive), 759 cases of Type 2 diabetes (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody negative), together with 990 control subjects without diabetes, randomly selected from the population. Using questionnaire information on coffee consumption, we estimated the odds ratio of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and Type 2 diabetes adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol, education and family history of diabetes. Results Coffee intake was inversely associated with Type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.87–0.98 per cup/day). With regard to latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, the general trend was weak (odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.13), but stratification by degree of autoimmunity (median glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels) suggested that coffee intake may be associated with an increased risk of high glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.23 per cup/day). Furthermore, for every additional cup of coffee consumed per day, there was a 15.2% (P = 0.0268) increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels. Conclusions Our findings confirm that coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, the findings suggest that coffee may be associated with development of autoimmunity and possibly an increased risk of more Type 1‐like latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. What's new? This is the first study on the association between coffee consumption and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Our study suggests that coffee intake may promote autoimmunity and increase the risk of autoimmune diabetes.