The brain as a system of nested but partially overlapping networks. Heuristic relevance of the model for brain physiology and pathology

• Published in: JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION 2007-01, Vol.114 (1), p.3-19
• Main Authors: Agnati, L F, Guidolin, D, Fuxe, K
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Brain - cytology; Brain - physiology; Cell Communication - physiology; Extracellular Space - physiology; Humans; Ion Channels - physiology; Membrane Microdomains - physiology; Neural Networks (Computer); Neurons - physiology; Receptors, Cell Surface - physiology; Signal Transduction - physiology
• ISSN: 0300-9564; 1435-1463
• DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0563-x

A new model of the brain organization is proposed. The model is based on the assumption that a global molecular network enmeshes the entire central nervous system. Thus, brain extra-cellular and intra-cellular molecular networks are proposed to communicate at the level of special plasma membrane regions (e.g., the lipid rafts) where horizontal molecular networks can represent input/output regions allowing the cell to have informational exchanges with the extracellular environment. Furthermore, some "pervasive signals" such as field potentials, pressure waves and thermal gradients that affect large parts of the brain cellular and molecular networks are discussed. Finally, at least two learning paradigms are analyzed taking into account the possible role of Volume Transmission: the so-called model of "temporal difference learning" and the "Turing B-unorganised machine". The relevance of this new view of brain organization for a deeper understanding of some neurophysiological and neuropathological aspects of its function is briefly discussed.