A synchronized amphibian metamorphosis assay as an improved tool to detect thyroid hormone disturbance by endocrine disruptors and apolar sediment extracts

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) 2007-11, Vol.70 (1), p.93-100
• Main Authors: Gutleb, Arno C., Schriks, Merijn, Mossink, Leonie, Berg, J.H.J. van den, Murk, Albertinka J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amphibia. Reptilia; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Antithyroid Agents - toxicity; Applied ecology; Biological and medical sciences; Biological Assay; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diet; Dietary exposure; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution; Endocrine Disruptors - chemistry; Endocrine Disruptors - toxicity; Environmental Pollutants - chemistry; Environmental Pollutants - toxicity; environmentally relevant concentrations; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; gene-expression; General aspects; Geologic Sediments - chemistry; growth; In vivo functional assay; in-vivo; Larva; Metamorphosis, Biological - drug effects; PCBs; polychlorinated-biphenyls; rana-temporaria; short-term; species xenopus-laevis; Tadpole; tadpoles; Thiourea; Thiourea - toxicity; Thyroid Hormones - metabolism; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution; wildlife; Xenopus; Xenopus laevis
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.048

Amphibian metamorphosis assays are used to evaluate potential effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on the thyroid hormone axis. In this study, Xenopus laevis tadpoles are kept in a solution of 0.2% thiourea (TU) to arrest and synchronise them in their development. The advantage of this synchronized amphibian metamorphosis assays is that synchronised tadpoles are available at any time to start metamorphosis experiments, and experimental groups are much more homogenous at the start of experimental exposure compared with groups selected from an untreated pool of animals. The water volume per animal was kept constant throughout the experimental period to overcome the influence of declining numbers of animals per aquarium due to metamorphosis and mortality on the density dependent development of the remaining tadpoles. Clophen A50 (a technical PCB mixture), the single congener 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) and apolar sediment extracts that were previously tested positive in the T-Screen, an in vitro proliferation assay for thyroid hormone disruption, were tested in the Synchronized Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay. Endpoints studied were mortality, malformations, body weight, and percentage of metamorphosed froglets at the end of the 60-day experimental period, percentage of tadpoles in different developmental stages, and developmental stage-dependent awarded penalty points. Dietary exposure to Clophen A50 (0.2–50 mg/kg food) resulted in a significant increased percentage of tadpoles that did not pass metamorphosis at concentrations higher than 2 mg/kg food. Time until metamorphosis in those animals that were able to metamorphose after the 60-days experimental period was significantly decreased. Dietary exposure to PCB 77, a congener that can be readily metabolised, did not result in significant effects in any exposure group (2–500 μg/kg food). Apolar sediment extracts from two of the three sites that are contaminated with a wide variety of chemicals significantly decreased the percentage of metamorphosed animals and significantly increased the number of tadpoles that remained in early and late metamorphic stages. These effects already occurred when the extracts where diluted more than 1000 times (on an organic carbon base) compared to environmental concentrations. The rank of potency was comparable to results obtained with the T-screen. This suggests the presence of thyroid hormone disrupting compounds in the aquatic environment and possible effects