Monitoring of the booster biocide dichlofluanid in water and marine sediment of Greek marinas

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) 2005-09, Vol.60 (9), p.1316-1324
• Main Authors: Hamwijk, C., Schouten, A., Foekema, E.M., Ravensberg, J.C., Collombon, M.T., Schmidt, K., Kugler, M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aniline Compounds - analysis; Aniline Compounds - metabolism; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Anti-Bacterial Agents - analysis; Anti-Bacterial Agents - metabolism; Antifouling biocides; antifouling pesticides; Applied ecology; Applied sciences; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biological and medical sciences; Dichlofluanid; DMSA; Earth sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics; Environmental Monitoring; Exact sciences and technology; extraction; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Geologic Sediments - chemistry; Greece; Hydrolysis; Marine; Marine and brackish environment; mass-spectrometry; Monitoring; Natural water pollution; Paint; Pollution; Pollution, environment geology; products; Seawater - chemistry; Seawaters, estuaries; Sulfonamides - analysis; Sulfonamides - metabolism; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism; Water treatment and pollution
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.072

Dichlofluanid ( N-dichlorofluoromethylthio- N′-dimethyl- N-phenylsulphamide) is used as booster biocide in antifouling paints. The occurrence of dichlofluanid and its metabolite DMSA ( N′-dimethyl- N-phenyl-sulphamide) was monitored in seawater and marine sediment from three Greek marinas. Seawater and sediment samples were collected at three representative positions and one suspected hotspot in each marina and shipped to the laboratory for chemical analysis. As part of the project, an analytical method had been developed and validated. Furthermore, some additional experiments were carried out to investigate the potential contribution of paint particle bound dichlofluanid on the total concentration in the sediment. As expected, given its known high hydrolytic degradation rate, no detectable concentrations of dichlofluanid were measured in any of the seawater samples. DMSA was detected in seawater samples at very low concentrations varying from