Spatial planning of offshore wind farms: A windfall to marine environmental protection?

Wind farms are often planned offshore where wind conditions are favourable and the visual impact is less important. Wind farms have both positive and negative effects on the marine environment. Negative effects include bird collisions, underwater sounds and electromagnetic fields, whilst positive ef...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ecological economics 2009-11, Vol.69 (1), p.93-103
Main Authors: Punt, Maarten J., Groeneveld, Rolf A., van Ierland, Ekko C., Stel, Jan H.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
biodiversity
electricity
Energy planning
Environmental protection
Evaluation
example
fish
landscape
management
Marine environmental protection
Marine resources
metapopulation dynamics
Netherlands
north-sea
Offshore wind farms
power
Profitability
Spatial distribution
Wind energy
Wind energy Offshore wind farms Marine environmental protection
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Summary:Wind farms are often planned offshore where wind conditions are favourable and the visual impact is less important. Wind farms have both positive and negative effects on the marine environment. Negative effects include bird collisions, underwater sounds and electromagnetic fields, whilst positive effects constitute functioning as artificial reef and acting as no-take zones for fish, with possible spill-over effects. This paper presents a spatially explicit framework to analyze effects of wind farms on the marine environment and aims to evaluate how wind farms can contribute to protection of the marine environment through strategic and economically viable location choices. The functioning and the applicability of the model are demonstrated in a numerical example for the Dutch exclusive economic zone. We find that the careful spatial planning of wind farms is a key factor for profitability and environmental protection, and that, if carefully planned, the environment can benefit from offshore wind farms.
ISSN:0921-8009
1873-6106
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.013