Modeling the contribution of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes to the recovery of Gammarus pulex populations after exposure to pesticides

• Published in: Environmental toxicology and chemistry 2014-07, Vol.33 (7), p.1476-1488
• Main Authors: Galic, Nika, Ashauer, Roman, Baveco, Hans, Nyman, Anna‐Maija, Barsi, Alpar, Thorbek, Pernille, Bruns, Eric, Van den Brink, Paul J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: adverse effects; Amphipoda - drug effects; Amphipoda - physiology; Animals; aquatic invertebrates; Assessments; Chemical compounds; ecological risk-assessment; Ecology; economic threshold; ecosystem services; ecotoxicology; Environmental Exposure; Exposure; Fresh Water - analysis; fresh-water shrimps; Freshwater; Gammarus pulex; Individual-based model; insecticide chlorpyrifos; Invertebrates; lake district; Life Sciences; Macroinvertebrates; Mathematical models; Models, Biological; Pesticide risk assessment; Pesticides; Pesticides - analysis; Pesticides - toxicity; pharmacokinetics; Populations; potential application; protection goals; pulsed exposure; Recovery; Risk Assessment; small stony stream; surface water; Survival; Time division multiplexing; Toxicity; Toxicodynamics; Toxicokinetics; Toxicology; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity
• ISSN: 0730-7268; 1552-8618
• DOI: 10.1002/etc.2481

Because aquatic macroinvertebrates may be exposed regularly to pesticides in edge‐of‐the‐field water bodies, an accurate assessment of potential adverse effects and subsequent population recovery is essential. Standard effect risk assessment tools are not able to fully address the complexities arising from multiple exposure patterns, nor can they properly address the population recovery process. In the present study, we developed an individual‐based model of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex to evaluate the consequences of exposure to 4 compounds with different modes of action on individual survival and population recovery. Effects on survival were calculated using concentration–effect relationships and the threshold damage model (TDM), which accounts for detailed processes of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Delayed effects as calculated by the TDM had a significant impact on individual survival and population recovery. We also evaluated the standard assessment of effects after short‐term exposures using the 96‐h concentration–effect model and the TDM, which was conservative for very short‐term exposure. An integration of a TKTD submodel with a population model can be used to explore the ecological relevance of ecotoxicity endpoints in different exposure environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1476–1488. © 2014 SETAC