Climate change opens new frontiers for marine species in the Arctic: Current trends and future invasion risks

• Published in: Global change biology 2019-01, Vol.25 (1), p.25-38
• Main Authors: Chan, Farrah T., Stanislawczyk, Keara, Sneekes, Anna C., Dvoretsky, Alexander, Gollasch, Stephan, Minchin, Dan, David, Matej, Jelmert, Anders, Albretsen, Jon, Bailey, Sarah A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: alien species; Anthropogenic factors; Aquaculture; Biodiversity; Climate change; climate warming; Detection; Ecosystem management; Ecosystems; Environmental changes; Environmental risk; fisheries; Ice environments; Introduced species; invasion pathways; Invasive species; Knowledge bases (artificial intelligence); knowledge gap; Marine environment; New records; nonindigenous species; Polar environments; Records; Regions; Research Review; Risk; shipping; Strategic management; Trends; vessels
• ISSN: 1354-1013; 1365-2486
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14469

Climate change and increased anthropogenic activities are expected to elevate the potential of introducing nonindigenous species (NIS) into the Arctic. Yet, the knowledge base needed to identify gaps and priorities for NIS research and management is limited. Here, we reviewed primary introduction events to each ecoregion of the marine Arctic realm to identify temporal and spatial patterns, likely source regions of NIS, and the putative introduction pathways. We included 54 introduction events representing 34 unique NIS. The rate of NIS discovery ranged from zero to four species per year between 1960 and 2015. The Iceland Shelf had the greatest number of introduction events (n = 14), followed by the Barents Sea (n = 11), and the Norwegian Sea (n = 11). Sixteen of the 54 introduction records had no known origins. The majority of those with known source regions were attributed to the Northeast Atlantic and the Northwest Pacific, 19 and 14 records, respectively. Some introduction events were attributed to multiple possible pathways. For these introductions, vessels transferred the greatest number of aquatic NIS (39%) to the Arctic, followed by natural spread (30%) and aquaculture activities (25%). Similar trends were found for introductions attributed to a single pathway. The phyla Arthropoda and Ochrophyta had the highest number of recorded introduction events, with 19 and 12 records, respectively. Recommendations including vector management, horizon scanning, early detection, rapid response, and a pan‐Arctic biodiversity inventory are considered in this paper. Our study provides a comprehensive record of primary introductions of NIS for marine environments in the circumpolar Arctic and identifies knowledge gaps and opportunities for NIS research and management. Ecosystems worldwide will face dramatic changes in the coming decades due to global change. Our findings contribute to the knowledge base needed to address two aspects of global change—invasive species and climate change. This paper examines the current status and future risks of biological invasions in the marine environments of the Arctic, within the context of climate change, natural resource development, and expanded Arctic shipping. The number of nonindigenous species introductions varied across the region with the greatest number of introductions recorded in the Iceland Shelf, followed by the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea. Most introductions were attributed to vessels, natural spread, and aq