Mutation-rate plasticity and the germline of unicellular organisms

The mutation rate is a fundamental factor in evolutionary genetics. Recently, mutation rates were found to be strongly reduced at high density in a wide range of unicellular organisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Independently, cell division was found to become more asymmetrical at increasing densit...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences Biological sciences, 2019-05, Vol.286 (1902), p.20190128-20190128
Main Authors: Aanen, Duur K, Debets, Alfons J M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
asymmetrical cell division
Biological Evolution
Cell Division
density-associated mutation-rate plasticity
Eukaryotic Cells - cytology
Evolution
Germ Cells
germline–soma distinction
immortal strand hypothesis
Mutation Rate
Population Density
Prokaryotic Cells - cytology
unicellular organisms
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Summary:The mutation rate is a fundamental factor in evolutionary genetics. Recently, mutation rates were found to be strongly reduced at high density in a wide range of unicellular organisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Independently, cell division was found to become more asymmetrical at increasing density in diverse organisms; some 'mother' cells continue dividing, while their 'offspring' cells do not divide further. Here, we investigate how this increased asymmetry in cell division at high density can be reconciled with reduced mutation-rate estimates. We calculated the expected number of mutant cells due to replication errors under various modes of segregation of template-DNA strands and copy-DNA strands, both under symmetrical (exponential) and asymmetrical (linear) growth. We show that the observed reduction in the mutation rate at high density can be explained if mother cells preferentially retain the template-DNA strands, since new mutations are then confined to non-dividing daughter cells, thus reducing the spread of mutant cells. Any other inheritance mode results in an increase in the number of mutant cells at higher density. The proposed hypothesis that patterns of DNA-strand segregation are density-dependent fundamentally challenges our current understanding of mutation-rate estimates and extends the distinction between germline and soma to unicellular organisms.
ISSN:0962-8452
1471-2954
DOI:10.1098/rspb.2019.0128