Progress in Global Gas Hydrate Development and Production as a New Energy Resource

• Published in: Acta geologica Sinica (Beijing) 2019-06, Vol.93 (3), p.731-755
• Main Authors: LIU, Liping, SUN, Zhilei, ZHANG, Lei, WU, Nengyou, Yichao, Qin, JIANG, Zuzhou, GENG, Wei, CAO, Hong, ZHANG, Xilin, ZHAI, Bin, XU, Cuiling, SHEN, Zhicong, JIA, Yonggang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alternative energy sources; Carbon cycle; Carbon dioxide; Depletion; Diagenesis; Distribution; Drilling; Earth; Economic conditions; Economics; Energy consumption; Energy sources; Environmental monitoring; Exploration; Fluidization; Fluidizing; Fossil fuels; Gas hydrates; gas recovery; Geophysics; Gravel; Heat exchange; Heat flow; Heat transmission; Horizontal wells; Hydrates; Methane; Monitoring systems; Morphology; Mounds; Natural gas; natural gas hydrate; Ocean floor; Offshore; Offshore drilling rigs; Organic carbon; Organic chemistry; Permafrost; Pressure reduction; production technique; Renewable energy; Reservoirs; Reviews; Sediment; Sediments; shallow gas hydrate; Stability; Storage; Wells
• ISSN: 1000-9515; 1755-6724
• DOI: 10.1111/1755-6724.13876

Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy, especially as fossil fuels approach depletion, energy consumption soars, and fossil fuel prices rise, owing to their extensive distribution, abundance, and high fuel efficiency. Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle, containing most of the world's methane and accounting for a third of Earth's mobile organic carbon. We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates, such as temperature, pressure, and heat flow, based on related data collected by the global drilling programs. Hydrate‐related areas are estimated using various biological, geochemical and geophysical tools. Based on a series of previous investigations, we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, the polar areas, and China. Then, we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale. Additionally, we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates, including thermal stimulation, depressurization, chemical injection, and CH4–CO2 exchange, as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia, Japan, United States, Canada and China. In particular, unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada, most gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea are non‐diagenetic and exist in fine‐grained sediments with a vein‐like morphology. Therefore, especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea, Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials: solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction. Herein, we introduce the two production techniques, as well as the so‐called “four‐in‐one” environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test. Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world; therefore, the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep‐water sediments and permafrost zones. Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates, it should be necessary to measure the geolo