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Molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity and detoxification of trace metals and metalloids in plants

Plants take up a wide range of trace metals/metalloids (hereinafter referred to as trace metals) from the soil, some of which are essential but become toxic at high concentrations (e.g., Cu, Zn, Ni, Co), while others are non‐essential and toxic even at relatively low concentrations (e.g., As, Cd, Cr...

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Published in:Journal of integrative plant biology 2023-02, Vol.65 (2), p.570-593
Main Authors: Tang, Zhong, Wang, Han‐Qing, Chen, Jie, Chang, Jia‐Dong, Zhao, Fang‐Jie
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description Plants take up a wide range of trace metals/metalloids (hereinafter referred to as trace metals) from the soil, some of which are essential but become toxic at high concentrations (e.g., Cu, Zn, Ni, Co), while others are non‐essential and toxic even at relatively low concentrations (e.g., As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg). Soil contamination of trace metals is an increasing problem worldwide due to intensifying human activities. Trace metal contamination can cause toxicity and growth inhibition in plants, as well as accumulation in the edible parts to levels that threatens food safety and human health. Understanding the mechanisms of trace metal toxicity and how plants respond to trace metal stress is important for improving plant growth and food safety in contaminated soils. The accumulation of excess trace metals in plants can cause oxidative stress, genotoxicity, programmed cell death, and disturbance in multiple physiological processes. Plants have evolved various strategies to detoxify trace metals through cell‐wall binding, complexation, vacuolar sequestration, efflux, and translocation. Multiple signal transduction pathways and regulatory responses are involved in plants challenged with trace metal stresses. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in trace metal toxicity, detoxification, and regulation, as well as strategies to enhance plant resistance to trace metal stresses and reduce toxic metal accumulation in food crops. Contamination of soil with trace metals/metalloids can cause toxicity to plants and threaten food safety. This review presents recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of trace metal/metalloid toxicity and detoxification, and strategies to enhance plant resistance to trace metal stresses and reduce toxic metal accumulation in food crops.
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subjects Accumulation
Apoptosis
Cadmium
Cell death
Chromium
Copper
Detoxification
Efflux
Food contamination
Food plants
Food safety
Genotoxicity
Lead
Low concentrations
Mercury (metal)
Metalloids
Metals
Molecular modelling
Oxidative stress
Plant growth
Plant resistance
Sediment pollution
Signal transduction
Soil contamination
Soil pollution
stress response
toxic mechanisms
Toxicity
Trace elements
Trace metals
trace metals/metalloids
Translocation
title Molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity and detoxification of trace metals and metalloids in plants
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