An experimental extrapolation technique using the Gafchromic EBT3 film for relative output factor measurements in small x-ray fields

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2016-08, Vol.43 (8), p.4687-4692
• Main Authors: Morales, Johnny E., Butson, Martin, Crowe, Scott B., Hill, Robin, Trapp, J. V.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers; biomedical measurement; diagnostic radiography; dosimetry; Dosimetry/exposure assessment; Error analysis; EXTRAPOLATION; extrapolation technique; Field size; FILM DOSIMETRY; Film Dosimetry - methods; Gafchromic EBT3 film; Image analysis; Image scanners; LINEAR ACCELERATORS; Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons; Medical imaging; RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY; Radiography; Radiosurgery; RESOLUTION; Scintigraphy; small x‐ray field dosimetry; stereotactic radiosurgery; X RADIATION; X-Rays; X‐ray effects; X‐ray optics
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209
• DOI: 10.1118/1.4958679

Purpose: An experimental extrapolation technique is presented, which can be used to determine the relative output factors for very small x-ray fields using the Gafchromic EBT3 film. Methods: Relative output factors were measured for the Brainlab SRS cones ranging in diameters from 4 to 30 mm2 on a Novalis Trilogy linear accelerator with 6 MV SRS x-rays. The relative output factor was determined from an experimental reducing circular region of interest (ROI) extrapolation technique developed to remove the effects of volume averaging. This was achieved by scanning the EBT3 film measurements with a high scanning resolution of 1200 dpi. From the high resolution scans, the size of the circular regions of interest was varied to produce a plot of relative output factors versus area of analysis. The plot was then extrapolated to zero to determine the relative output factor corresponding to zero volume. Results: Results have shown that for a 4 mm field size, the extrapolated relative output factor was measured as a value of 0.651 ± 0.018 as compared to 0.639 ± 0.019 and 0.633 ± 0.021 for 0.5 and 1.0 mm diameter of analysis values, respectively. This showed a change in the relative output factors of 1.8% and 2.8% at these comparative regions of interest sizes. In comparison, the 25 mm cone had negligible differences in the measured output factor between zero extrapolation, 0.5 and 1.0 mm diameter ROIs, respectively. Conclusions: This work shows that for very small fields such as 4.0 mm cone sizes, a measureable difference can be seen in the relative output factor based on the circular ROI and the size of the area of analysis using radiochromic film dosimetry. The authors recommend to scan the Gafchromic EBT3 film at a resolution of 1200 dpi for cone sizes less than 7.5 mm and to utilize an extrapolation technique for the output factor measurements of very small field dosimetry.