Inclusion of energy externalities in the economic level of leakage (ELL) model by Camilo Munoz-Trochez

“…Of these parameters, the most critical in the research was the RR due to the experimental nature. The Estimated Background Leakage was calculated using the Burst and Background Estimate (BABE) method which requires field data such as the number of bursts, the average zone night pressure, length of mains, trunk-main losses, and number of billed properties that might not be available but that can be obtained by the water utility with a reasonable level of investment. …”
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Economic level of leakage (ELL) calculation with limited data: an application in Zaragoza. by Camilo Munoz-Trochez, Ian K. Smout, Sam Kayaga

“…This is applied in the city of Zaragoza in Spain, with initial estimates of ELL calculated using the Bursts and Background Estimates (BABE) approach with data from water supply records and measurements in a study area, together with empirical relationships from the literature. …”
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