Effects of land cover, topography, and soil on stream water quality at multiple spatial and seasonal scales in a German lowland catchment

•Worse water quality occurs in winter but improves over three decades.•Soil properties, steeper arable or pasture land were the most important factors.•Spatial variations of overall water quality were better explained at larger scales.•Scale-and-season specific effects can help guide efficient land-...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ecological indicators 2021-01, Vol.120, p.106940, Article 106940
Main Authors: Lei, Chaogui, Wagner, Paul D., Fohrer, Nicola
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Catchment characteristics
forests
Germany
land cover
land use
landscapes
Multiple scales
Multivariate statistical analyses
nitrate nitrogen
pastures
phosphate phosphorus
pollution
rivers
space and time
Stream water quality
streams
summer
topography
water quality
watersheds
winter
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