Neurite transection produces cytosolic oxidation, which enhances plasmalemmal repair

• Published in: Journal of neuroscience research 2012-05, Vol.90 (5), p.945-954
• Main Authors: Spaeth, C.S., Fan, J.D., Spaeth, E.B., Robison, T., Wilcott, R.W., Bittner, G.D.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Antioxidants - pharmacology; axonal repair; Axotomy; B104 cells; calcium; Calcium - metabolism; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane - drug effects; Cell Membrane - physiology; Cytosol - drug effects; Cytosol - physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; H2O2; Hydrogen Peroxide - pharmacology; melatonin; methylene blue; neurite transection; Neurites - drug effects; Neurites - metabolism; Neuroblastoma - pathology; Oxidants - pharmacology; oxidation; Oxidation-Reduction - drug effects; plasmalemmal damage; Protein Kinase Inhibitors - pharmacology; Rats; Time Factors; Wound Healing - drug effects; Wound Healing - physiology
• ISSN: 0360-4012; 1097-4547
• DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22823

To survive, cells must rapidly repair (seal) plasmalemmal damage. Cytosolic oxidation has been shown to increase cell survival in some cases and produce cell death in other protocols. An antioxidant (melatonin; Mel) has been reported to decrease the probability of sealing plasmalemmal damage. Here we report that plasmalemmal damage produces cytosolic oxidation, as assayed by methylene blue (MB) color change in rat B104 hippocampal cells. Plasmalemmal sealing is affected by duration of Ca2+ deprivation and length of exposure to, and concentration of, oxidizing agents such as H2O2 and thimerosal (TH). Cytosolic oxidation by 10 μM to 50 mM H2O2 or 100 μM to 2 mM TH increases the probability of Ca2+‐dependent plasmalemmal sealing, whereas higher concentrations of H2O2 decrease sealing probability and also damage uninjured cells. We also show that antioxidants (Mel, MB) or reducing agents (dithiothreitol) decrease sealing. Proteins, such as protein kinase A, SNAP‐25, synaptobrevin, and N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor (previously reported to enhance sealing in other pathways), also enhance sealing in this oxidation pathway. In brief, our data show that plasmalemmal damage produces cytosolic oxidation that increases the probability of plasmalemmal sealing, which is strongly correlated with cell survival in other studies. Our results may provide new insights into the etiology and treatment of oxidation‐dependent neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's diseases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.