Automated astronaut traverses with minimum metabolic workload: Accessing permanently shadowed regions near the lunar South pole

• Published in: Acta astronautica 2024-01, Vol.214, p.324-342
• Main Authors: Pena-Asensio, Eloy, Sutherland, Jennifer, Tripathi, Prateek, Mason, Kashauna, Goodwin, Arthur, Bickel, Valentin T., Kring, David A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Artemis; Astronaut; Lunar south pole; Permanently shadowed regions
• ISSN: 0094-5765; 1879-2030
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.10.010

The Artemis exploration zone is a topographically complex impact-cratered terrain. Steep undulating slopes pose a challenge for walking extravehicular activities (EVAs) anticipated for the Artemis III and subsequent missions. Using 5 m/pixel Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) measurements of the surface, an automated Python pipeline was developed to calculate traverse paths that minimize metabolic workload. The tool combines a Monte Carlo method with a minimum-cost path algorithm that assesses cumulative slope over distances between a lander and stations, as well as between stations. To illustrate the functionality of the tool, optimized paths to permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) are calculated around potential landing sites 001, nearby location 001(6), and 004, all within the Artemis III ‘Connecting Ridge’ candidate landing region. We identified 521 PSRs and computed (1) traverse paths to accessible PSRs within 2 km of the landing sites, and (2) optimized descents from host crater rims into each PSR. Slopes are limited to 15° and previously identified boulders are avoided. Surface temperature, astronaut body illumination, regolith bearing capacity, and astronaut-to-lander direct view are simultaneously evaluated. Travel times are estimated using Apollo 12 and 14 walking EVA data. A total of 20 and 19 PSRs are accessible from sites 001 and 001(6), respectively, four of which maintain slopes