A storage expansion planning framework using reinforcement learning and simulation-based optimization

• Published in: Applied energy 2021-05, Vol.290, p.116778, Article 116778
• Main Authors: Tsianikas, Stamatis, Yousefi, Nooshin, Zhou, Jian, Rodgers, Mark D., Coit, David
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Decision-making; Investment planning; Microgrids; Reinforcement learning
• ISSN: 0306-2619; 1872-9118
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116778

•The microgrid storage sizing problem requires stochastic and dynamic solution methods.•Using reinforcement learning and simulation-based methods we determine an investment strategy.•We share insights on state-of-the-art storage technologies and a corresponding investment plan.•A case study for a microgrid in Westhampton, NY is presented to demonstrate our results. In the wake of the highly electrified future ahead of us, the role of energy storage is crucial wherever distributed generation is abundant, such as in microgrid settings. Given the variety of storage options that are becoming more and more economical, determining which type of storage technology to invest in, along with the appropriate timing and capacity becomes a critical research question. It is inevitable that these problems will continue to become increasingly relevant in the future and require strategic planning and holistic and modern frameworks in order to be solved. Reinforcement Learning algorithms have already proven to be successful in problems where sequential decision-making is inherent. In the operations planning area, these algorithms are already used but mostly in short-term problems with well-defined constraints. On the contrary, we expand and tailor these techniques to long-term planning by utilizing model-free algorithms combined with simulation-based models. A model and expansion plan have been developed to optimally determine microgrid designs as they evolve to dynamically react to changing conditions and to exploit energy storage capabilities. We show that it is possible to derive better engineering solutions that would point to the types of energy storage units which could be at the core of future microgrid applications. Another key finding is that the optimal storage capacity threshold for a system depends heavily on the price movements of the available storage units. By utilizing the proposed approaches, it is possible to model inherent problem uncertainties and optimize the whole streamline of sequential investment decision-making.