Design and planning of flexible mobile Micro-Grids using Deep Reinforcement Learning

• Published in: Applied energy 2023-04, Vol.335, p.120707, Article 120707
• Main Authors: Caputo, Cesare, Cardin, Michel-Alexandre, Ge, Pudong, Teng, Fei, Korre, Anna, Antonio del Rio Chanona, Ehecatl
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Deep Reinforcement Learning; Energy Systems Design; Flexibility in Design; Mobile Micro-Grids Systems; Real Options Analysis; Uncertainty and Risk Analysis
• ISSN: 0306-2619; 1872-9118
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120707

•The impacts of climate change on global migratory patterns must be addressed in light of their energy access needs.•Plug and Play control developments allow nomadic communities to operate in stand-alone mode or connect to the main grid.•Flexibility in Design and Deep Reinforcement Learning are implemented for their energy systems planning under uncertainty.•The proposed method outperforms baseline systems on expected cost, equivalent emissions and unmet load over 30 years.•Results have important implications for policy, design, planning, and adaptable operations of future mobile energy systems. Ongoing risks from climate change have significantly impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced “Plug and Play” control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, allowing easier interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. Considering the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) Flexibility Analysis is implemented for the design and planning problem. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Additionally, the DRL based policies lead to the development of dynamic evolution and adaptability strategies, which can be used by the targeted communities under a very wide range of potential scenarios. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug an