Behavior of Li, S and Sr isotopes in the subterranean estuary and seafloor pockmarks of the Hanko submarine groundwater discharge site in Finland, northern Baltic Sea

• Published in: Applied geochemistry 2022-12, Vol.147, p.105471, Article 105471
• Main Authors: Ikonen, Juuso, Hendriksson, Nina, Luoma, Samrit, Lahaye, Yann, Virtasalo, Joonas J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Baltic sea; Coastal sediment; Lithium isotopes; Strontium isotopes; Submarine groundwater discharge; Sulfur isotopes
• ISSN: 0883-2927; 1872-9134
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105471

The impact of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) on coastal sea biogeochemistry and water quality has been demonstrated in many recent studies. However, the isotopic behavior of terrestrially-derived solutes in the groundwater-seawater mixing zone of coastal aquifers (the subterranean estuary, STE) has been less studied, although solutes such as Li, S and Sr are commonly used as tracers of weathering and biogeochemical processes taking place in aquifers and in coastal sea sediments. This study investigated the behavior of 87Sr/86Sr, δ7Li and δ34S in the STE and three seafloor pockmarks with different degrees of groundwater influence, as constrained based on δ2H and δ18O, at the Hanko SGD site in Finland, in the northern Baltic Sea. These data were supplemented by groundwater and seawater measurements. 87Sr/86Sr showed non-conservative behavior with values elevated up to 0.0167 units above that expected for the conservative mixing in the STE and in the most groundwater-dominated pockmark (up to 100% groundwater), but the deviation was masked by much stronger seawater contributions in the other pockmarks. δ7Li values were shifted down to −1.75‰ below that expected for conservative mixing in the STE and in groundwater-influenced pockmark porewaters, whereas δ7Li was elevated up to 1.53‰ in the porewater of organic-rich mud in a pockmark where groundwater influence had ceased. δ34S deviated between −16.78‰ and 10.51‰ from the conservative mixing in the STE and porewaters of groundwater-influenced pockmarks, while δ34S was elevated up to 16.85‰ in the porewater of the pockmark with no groundwater influence. In the STE, the isotopic fractionation of Sr and Li was explained by chemical weathering of silicate minerals and clay minerals, respectively, whereas δ34S was fractionated by complex interactions of microbial sulfate reduction and sulfide reoxidation. In the pockmark porewater with no groundwater influence, δ7Li and δ34S isotopes were enriched in the heavier isotopes as a consequence of early-diagenetic mineral formation in the organic-rich muds. The measured 87Sr/86Sr and δ7Li were higher than the previously estimated isotopic compositions of their groundwater-derived fluxes to the oceans, and partly higher than the global riverine values. The heterogeneity in the seafloor biogeochemical environment, caused by the focusing of SGD in pockmarks, resulted in strongly variable δ34S of groundwater-derived S flux to the coastal ocean at a spatial scale of a f