Fixed bed reactors with three dimensional electrodes for electrochemical treatment of waters for disinfection

• Published in: Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) Switzerland : 1996), 2012-11, Vol.211-212, p.479-487
• Main Authors: Mascia, M., Vacca, A., Palmas, S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Active chlorine; byproducts; chemical engineering; chlorates; chlorine; Disinfection; DSA anodes; Electrochemical reactors; electrochemistry; electrodes; electrolysis; Hydrodynamics; ions; mass transfer; mathematical models; oxidation; oxides; platinum; Three dimensional electrodes; titanium
• ISSN: 1385-8947; 1873-3212
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.091

► We tested a fixed bed electrochemical cell as reactor for water treatment. ► The reactor was experimentally characterised for hydrodynamics and mass transfer. ► We carried out galvanostatic electrolyses of water with low chloride content. ► Experimental profiles of concentrations along the reactor axis were obtained. ► Flow and concentration profiles within the reactor were modelled. A fixed bed electrochemical cell was tested as reactor for treatment of waters by direct electrolysis. The aim was the development of a reactor configuration for effective and controllable primary and secondary disinfection. Stacks of titanium grids coated with Ru/Ir oxides or platinum were used as anodes and cathodes, respectively. The electrode packings were arranged in series, the system worked in continuous mode. The reactor was characterised for mass transfer (by the limiting current densities technique) and flow behaviour (by pulse-response curves with an inert tracer). Electrolyses were carried out with 100mgdm−3 of chloride ions, and current density ranging from 2.5 to 7.5mAcm−2. Active chlorine concentrations from 0.3 to 1.2mmoldm−3 were obtained in the reactor outlet, depending on the conditions. The higher value was measured with i=7.5mAcm−2 and flow conditions corresponding to a Reynolds number of 5: under these conditions, about 1mgdm−3 of chlorates were detected, otherwise the selectivity of the process towards active chlorine was about unit. A mathematical model at steady state was implemented, and pseudo first order kinetics was used to describe chemical and electrochemical reactions. The model allowed obtaining the concentration profiles of chloride and chloride oxidation by-products which were compared with experimental data, with good agreement in a wide range of flow rates. The configuration allowed a well-defined concentration profile: the active chlorine in the outlet was always 50% less than the value inside the reactor, allowing to exploit the process for primary and secondary disinfection.