Lipase catalyzed green epoxidation of oleic acid using ultrasound as a process intensification method

• Published in: Chemical engineering and processing 2022-04, Vol.174, p.108882, Article 108882
• Main Authors: Aguilera, Adriana Freites, Lindroos, Pontus, Rahkila, Jani, Klimov, Mark Martinez, Tolvanen, Pasi, Salmi, Tapio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acoustic irradiation; Epoxidation; Fatty acid; Oxirane; Process intensification; Tall oil
• ISSN: 0255-2701; 1873-3204
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2022.108882

•Direct epoxidation of fatty acid was successful with the enzyme Novozym® 435.•Low concentrations of by-products formed compared to the classical prileschajew process.•Ultrasound irradiation as process intensification method enhanced the reaction rate considerably. Epoxidized fatty acids are important green intermediates for chemical industry. This work was focused on the direct epoxidation of oleic acid (OA) using immobilized lipase Novozym® 435 as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide (HP) as the epoxidation agent. The impacts of reactant molar ratio (HP:OA = 1…2), reaction temperature (30–60 °C), catalyst loading (7 wt-%) and stirring rate (500–1000 rpm) on the fatty acid conversion and epoxide selectivity were evaluated Acoustic irradiation and an advanced stirring system were implemented for reaction intensification and different ultrasound amplitudes (0–90%) were screened. Novozym® 435 revealed to be an efficient and durable catalyst for fatty acid epoxidation. The reaction was promoted by an excess of HP. The highest epoxide selectivity was about 80% at full conversion of oleic acid reached within 200 min.  Ultrasound irradiation (90% amplitude) enhanced the initial reaction rate by a factor two compared to silent conditions and higher oleic acid conversions were reached compared to silent experiments. The catalyst preserved its activity and selectivity rather well, which was confirmed by catalyst recovery experiments conducted in the absence and presence acoustic irradiation. The main ring-opening agent is the fatty acid itself, which resulted in the formation of esters. Ultrasound reactor system Enhancement of Epoxidation reaction rate by ultrasound (US) [Display omitted] .