Changes in nitrate accumulation mechanisms as PM2.5 levels increase on the North China Plain: A perspective from the dual isotopic compositions of nitrate

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) 2021-01, Vol.263, p.127915, Article 127915
• Main Authors: Luo, Li, Zhu, Ren-guo, Song, Cong-Bo, Peng, Jian-Fei, Guo, Wei, Liu, Yonghui, Zheng, Nengjian, Xiao, Hongwei, Xiao, Hua-Yun
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Nitrate formation pathways; PM2.5; Shijiazhuang; δ15N-[formula omitted]; δ18O-[formula omitted]
• ISSN: 0045-6535
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127915

Nitrate (NO3−) has become recognized as the most important water-soluble ion in fine particulate (PM2.5), and has been proposed as a driving factor for regional haze formation. However, nitrate formation mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from September 2017 to August 2018 in Shijiazhuang, a city located on the North China Plain, and NO3−concentration, δ18O-NO3− and δ15N-NO3− values in PM2.5 were analyzed. NO3− concentrations increased as PM2.5 levels increased during both polluted and non-polluted days over the entire year. δ18O-NO3− values during cold months (63.5–103‰) were higher than those during warm months (50.3–85.4‰), these results suggested that the nitrate formation pathways shifted from the NO2 + OH (POH) in warm months to the N2O5 + H2O (PN2O5) and NO3 + VOCs (PNO3) pathways in cold months. Especially during cold months, δ18O-NO3− values increased from 65.2–79.9‰ to 80.7–96.2‰ when PM2.5 increased from ∼25 to >100 μg/m3, but when PM2.5 > 100 μg/m3, there were relatively small variations in δ18O-NO3−. These results suggested that nitrate formation pathways changed from POH to PN2O5 and PNO3 pathways when PM2.5 < 100 μg/m3, but that PN2O5 and PNO3 dominated nitrate production when PM2.5 > 100 μg/m3. Higher δ15N-NO3− values in warm months (−11.8–13.8‰) than in cold months (−0.7–22.6‰) may be attributed to differences in NOx emission sources and nitrogen isotopic fractionation among NOx and NO3−. These results provide information on the dual isotopic compositions of nitrate to understand nitrate formation pathways under different PM2.5 levels. •One-year values of δ18O-NO3− and δ15N-NO3− in PM2.5 were analyzed in Shijiazhuang.•Seasonal variations in δ18O-NO3− were affected by various nitrate formation pathways.•NO3− production shifted from POH to PN2O5+NO3 in cold months with increased PM2.5•Seasonal δ15N-NO3− was regulated by NOx sources and nitrogen isotopic fractionation.