Sea level changes in the upper Aptian-lower/middle(?) Turonian sequence of Cauvery Basin, India – An ichnological perspective

• Published in: Cretaceous research 2015-09, Vol.56, p.702-715
• Main Authors: Paranjape, Amruta R., Kulkarni, Kantimati G., Kale, Anand S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cauvery Basin; Ichnology; Karai Formation; Sea level changes; Sequence stratigraphy; Upper Aptian-lower/middle(?) Turonian
• ISSN: 0195-6671; 1095-998X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.005

Cauvery Basin, a pericratonic rift basin along the Eastern Continental Margin of India, evolved during the breakup of the Eastern Gondwanaland. It exposes both syn-rift and later post-rift passive margin deposits ranging from Barremian to Miocene. The Karai Formation, upper Aptian-lower/middle (?) Turonian represents the oldest passive margin in the Cauvery Basin. It is bounded at both contacts by major sequence boundaries viz. the break-up unconformity and the Turonian tilt event. The present communication deals with the ichnology of the Karai Formation and its integration with sedimentary facies and biostratigraphy to interpret the sea level changes during deposition. A traverse between the villages Karai and Kulakkalnattam was studied in detail for this purpose. Based on the lithological position, characters and internal grain size trends, the Karai Formation is sub-divided into four informal lithologic units; the lower three units, constitute a lithostratigraphic unit known in literature as the Gypsiferous Clay Member, while the uppermost, corresponds to the Sandy Clay Member. At the base, clays of the Karai Formation unconformably onlap onto the Precambrian basement or the fluvial syn-rift deposits across the break-up unconformity. Upper Aptian to middle Cenomanian, units I and II showing the distal Cruziana ichnofacies, deepening of the basin and a retrogradational stacking pattern represent a transgressive system tract (TST). This long phase of transgression is attributed to continuous accommodation created by the post-breakup thermal subsidence. The upper part of unit II (middle Cenomanian) shows condensation, with its top representing the maximum flooding surface (MFS). Upper Cenomanian to lower/middle (?) Turonian, units III and IV characterised by a shift from the distal Cruziana to the Skolithos ichnofacies, an initial aggradational and later deltaic, progradational stacking pattern resulting from a fall in the relative sea level and filling up of accommodation space represent the highstand system tract (HST). A further fall in the relative sea level led to the exposure, incision and erosion of the Karai Formation over which the younger transgressive sequence of the Trichinopoly Group was deposited with an angular unconformity. [Display omitted] •Sequence analysis Aptian–Turonian Karai Formation based on ichnology & sedimentology.•TST units I & II: Distal Cruziana – Middle/outer shelf deepens to outer shelf environs.•Early HST unit III: Distal