Skeleton-based action recognition with local dynamic spatial–temporal aggregation

• Published in: Expert systems with applications 2023-12, Vol.232, p.120683, Article 120683
• Main Authors: Hu, Lianyu, Liu, Shenglan, Feng, Wei
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptive cross-spacetime relationships; Short-term temporal dependencies; Skeleton-based action recognition; Spatial–temporal modeling
• ISSN: 0957-4174; 1873-6793
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120683

Skeleton-based action recognition has attracted more and more attention due to its advantage in avoiding environmental noise including light transformations and viewpoint changing. Most current approaches consist of interleaving spatial-only modules and temporal-only modules, where messages are first spatially aggregated between human joints and then temporally delivered. Although efficient, such factorized design hinders direct information flow among joints in adjacent frames, thus failing to (1) effectively convey information in a larger neighborhood and (2) be inferior to capture short-term motion to distinguish similar action pairs. To handle these limitations, we propose spatial–temporal graph attention network (STGAT) to dynamically model local cross-spacetime information. Keeping the temporal-only modules unchanged, it inflates the spatial-only modules to perform spatial–temporal modeling from the local spatial–temporal neighborhood without a second transmission cost. Especially, different from previous spatial–temporal modeling methods, graph edges are adaptively computed to dynamically aggregate beneficial information to capture short-term movements, getting rid of predefined fixed connectivity. This ensures STGAT could dynamically attend to important joints in a local spatial–temporal neighborhood to capture critical short-term movements. While STGAT is theoretically effective in introducing local spatial–temporal information by comprising a large spatial–temporal neighborhood, we find its effectiveness is impeded by the inherent redundancy in local features. We propose three simple modules to reduce local feature redundancy to calibrate the feature modeling schema and further release the potential of STGAT, which (1) narrow the scope of self-attention operators, (2) dynamically weight joints along the temporal dimension, and (3) separate subtle motion from static features, respectively. As a result, STGAT achieves state-of-the-art performance on three large-scale datasets: NTU RGB＋D 60, NTU RGB＋D 120, and Kinetics Skeleton 400. Thanks to special care on local cross-spacetime information, STGAT generalizes better upon classifying hard similar actions than previous methods. Visualizations demonstrate that STGAT could intelligently attend to critical joints when dealing with different actions. Code is available at https://github.com/hulianyuyy/STGAT. •Previous spatial–temporal convolutional networks suffer from fixed graph strategy.•Naive spatial–t