One-step steam pyrolysis for the production of mesoporous biochar from oil palm frond to effectively remove phenol in facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent

• Published in: Environmental technology & innovation 2020-05, Vol.18, p.100730, Article 100730
• Main Authors: Lawal, Abubakar Abdullahi, Hassan, Mohd Ali, Ahmad Farid, Mohamed Abdillah, Yasim-Anuar, Tengku Arisyah Tengku, Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Zulkhairi, Zakaria, Mohd Rafein, Roslan, Ahmad Muhaimin, Mokhtar, Mohd Noriznan, Shirai, Yoshihito
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biochar; Facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent; Oil palm frond; Phenol
• ISSN: 2352-1864; 2352-1864
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2020.100730

Conventional aerobic treatment of facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) containing phenolic compounds such as phenol, encounters difficulty because of microbial inhibition. In this study, adsorption of phenol in facultatively treated POME was proposed as a solution for mitigating the inhibition. Low-cost biochars produced from oil palm frond using nitrogen or steam pyrolysis at 600 °C were characterized and investigated for efficient and effective removal of phenol. Nitrogen and steam pyrolysis yielded mesoporous biochars with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 368.4 m2/g and 461.3 m2/g respectively. Within 8 h, steam-derived biochar attained equilibrium capacity of 59.6 mg/L in distilled water, which decreased to 18.5 mg/L in facultatively treated POME. Steam-derived biochar exhibited slightly higher adsorption capacity for phenol in facultatively treated POME due to higher surface area, wider nanopore size distribution, a larger volume of mesopores and a stronger affinity for phenol. More than 90% of phenol was removed using 16–20 g/L dosage, yielding a facultatively treated POME with 0% inhibition to aerobic microbial growth. Overall, low-cost biochar produced from oil palm frond can be used as an efficient and effective adsorbent for adsorbing phenol in facultatively treated POME to enhance the performance of aerobic treatment system. [Display omitted] •Steam pyrolysis produced higher surface area biochar.•Fast and effective adsorption of phenol was achieved.•Background organic matter decreased adsorption capacity.•Phenol removal prior to aerobic treatment was feasible using derived biochars.•Inhibition of microbial growth was 0% in facultatively treated POME after adsorption.•The derived biochars exhibited good regeneration capacity.