Lemon-based core–shell Au@Pd nanoparticles as green nanoprobe: Towards fast and visual detection of trifluoperazine

• Published in: Microchemical journal 2024-04, Vol.199, p.109966, Article 109966
• Main Authors: Madani-Nejad, Elham, Shokrollahi, Ardeshir, Shahdost-Fard, Faezeh
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Core-shell Au@Pd NPs; Lemon; Smartphone; Trifluoperazine; Visual Detection
• ISSN: 0026-265X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2024.109966

[Display omitted] •A green and cost-effective methodology is proposed to fast detect TFP in biofluids.•Core-shell Au@Pd NPs as nanoprobe is economically synthesized from the citrus lemon.•The easy-to-use sensor ables for colorimetric enzyme-free assay of TFP.•TFP detection presents vivid color changes for visual monitoring.•Selective TFP assay is readily achieved with the naked eye with a LOD value of 60 nM.•The constructed sensor can measure TFP in human saliva as a non-invasive sensor.•The results are checked by HPLC and validated by Lunn's test and t-test statistical analysis. Monitoring of trifluoperazine (TFP) levels in biofluids is medically important. The present study introduces a cost-effective colorimetric sensor based on the core–shell gold–palladium nanoparticles (Au@Pd NPs) as the nanoprobe for the naked-eye and rapid detection of trace amounts of TFP. The green core–shell Au@Pd NPs has been successfully synthesized in a facile and environmentally friendly procedure. HAuCl4 and H2PdCl4 were used as the precursors, and citrus limon (lemon) was used as both reducing and stabilizing agents. Adding TFP with different concentrations to the core–shell Au@Pd NPs in the presence of phosphate buffer (PB) presented a peak at 465 nm with the orange color tonalities, which differed from the Au NPs (at 555 nm with purple color) and Pd NPs (415 nm with brown color), individually. The resulting absorption spectra change was linearly proportional to the concentration increasing of TFP from 6 µM to 65 µM with a detection limit (LOD) of 60 nM. The practical applicability of the proposed TFP sensor was evaluated in real human serum, saliva, urine and pharmaceutical samples. Applicability of the sensor for TFP assay in biofluids and pharmaceutical sample was confirmed by HPLC analysis as the reference method and the results were evaluated by Lunn's test and t-test statistical analysis. The resulting easy-to-use and cost-effective smartphone-based sensing is promising as a technical support for finding utility for rapid and sensitive therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of TFP in clinical analysis.