Bruising: the most common injury in physical child abuse

• Published in: Paediatrics and child health 2021-11, Vol.31 (11), p.403-409
• Main Authors: Johnson, Emma Louise, Lee Jones, Adam, Maguire, Sabine
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: bruising; child abuse; petechiae; TEN-4
• ISSN: 1751-7222; 1878-206X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.paed.2021.08.001

Bruising is a commonly sustained injury in childhood, and thus is often overlooked during examination. However, it is the most common abusive injury, and may indicate severe internal injury, or precede catastrophic injury. Knowing which bruises warrant further investigation is vital to protect the child. A careful history, including developmental stage, past medical and social history followed by a full top to toe examination is required. Evidence highlights that some patterns of bruising warrant further investigation. This includes bruising in young, immobile infants, or bruising to the cheeks, ears, neck, trunk, genitalia or multiple bruises from a single incident, particularly in a distinct pattern or accompanying petechiae. Full assessment includes obtaining high quality clinical photographs of the bruising, exclusion of underlying bleeding disorders, consideration of differential diagnosis, and assessment for occult injury. The latter should include a skeletal survey in those aged less than two years, and computerized tomography of brain and full ophthalmology examination for those aged less than one year. Discussion with senior colleagues, consideration of the safety of the child, and clear communication with the family is vital throughout this process. Acting promptly and appropriately when concerning bruises are found may be the only opportunity to protect this child from further harm.