Satellite spectroscopy reveals the atmospheric consequences of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war

• Published in: The Science of the total environment 2023-04, Vol.869, p.161759, Article 161759
• Main Authors: Zhang, Chengxin, Hu, Qihou, Su, Wenjing, Xing, Chengzhi, Liu, Cheng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air pollution; Atmosphere; Environmental impact; Satellite remote sensing; War
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161759

With increasing geopolitical conflicts and climate change, the effects of war on the atmosphere remain unclear, especially the recent large-scale war between Russia and Ukraine. Here, we assess how war affects human emission activities by observing atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) using high-resolution satellite spectroscopy. Spatial and temporal responses of atmospheric composition to armed conflict are characterized. Significant decreases in NO2 concentrations of 10.7–27.3 % occurred in most Ukrainian cities at the beginning of the war, in contrast to dramatic increases in NO2 concentrations in Russian cities outside the northern border. Anomalous changes in NO2 were also found in transportation hubs. By excluding the effect of meteorology, the machine learning model indicates that war-induced changes in anthropogenic emissions may account for ∼40 % of the reduction in NO2 pollution for major cities such as Kyiv. Our study demonstrates that satellites can provide a unique perspective on the atmospheric consequences of humanitarian disasters. [Display omitted] •Spatial and temporal responses of atmospheric composition to the war in Ukraine are characterized by satellite.•Tropospheric NO2 decreased by 10.7–27.3 % in most Ukrainian cities at the beginning of the war.•Dramatic changes of NO2 were found in Russian border cities and transportation hubs.•Machine learning indicates that war-induced changes in anthropogenic emissions account for ∼40 % of NO2 declines in Kyiv.