Gas identification using electronic nose via gramian-angular-field-based image conversion and convolutional neural networks architecture search

• Published in: Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical Chemical, 2024-10, Vol.417, p.136198, Article 136198
• Main Authors: Zhu, Yudi, Wang, Tao, Li, Zhuoheng, Ni, Wangze, Zhang, Kai, He, Tong, Fu, Michelle, Zeng, Min, Yang, Jianhua, Hu, Nantao, Cai, Wei, Yang, Zhi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Convolutional neural network; Gas identification; Gramian angular field; Hybrid algorithm; Neural architecture search
• ISSN: 0925-4005
• DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2024.136198

Recent years have witnessed the splendid performance of deep learning methods used in gas recognition for electronic noses (E-nose). In addition to effective feature extraction, the architecture of the deep neural network plays a vital role. Currently, most applied network structures are hand-crafted by human experts, which is time-consuming and problem-dependent, making it necessary to design the structures of neural networks according to specific demands. In this work, a genetic algorithm with particle swarm optimization (GA-PSO), which possesses promising optimization capabilities, is applied to search for effective deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for gas classification based on E-nose technology. A novel image transformation strategy using Gramian angular field and a hybrid cost-saving method is employed in the search process, enabling adaptive and efficient CNN search on gas datasets. With the proposed methods, we can achieve an average classification accuracy of over 90 % on two public gas datasets, while also significantly reducing the model size compared to state-of-the-art CNNs. By using these novel strategies, our approach surpasses random search and basic PSO algorithm in achieving the global optimal solution, higher and more stable accuracy, and faster convergence in pattern recognition using E-nose. Our work suggests that the proposed method can quickly identify excellent CNN structures for E-nose applications. •A new Gramian Angular Field method transforms 1D time series into 2D images.•Kernel decomposition and depthwise separable convolution optimize CNN training.•A fast and robust hybrid algorithm searches for gas-identification models.