Chlorination decreases acute toxicity of iodophenols through the formation of iodate and chlorinated aliphatic disinfection byproducts

• Published in: Water research (Oxford) 2021-04, Vol.194, p.116951, Article 116951
• Main Authors: Wang, Xian-Shi, Song, Heng, Zhang, Jing, Liu, Yu-Lei, Ma, Jun, Wang, Lu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Disinfectants; Disinfection; Halogenation; Iodates; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity; Water Purification
• ISSN: 0043-1354; 1879-2448
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116951

•HOCl was reactive with 2-iodophenol, 4-iodophenol and 2,4,6-triiodophenol•Acute toxicity of iodophenols could be largely eliminated after chlorination•Iodophenols were transformed into chlorinated aliphatic DBPs, iodinated-THMs and iodate•The transformation products were verified with chemical standards Highly toxic iodinated phenolic by-products were frequently detected in the oxidative treatment and disinfection of iodine-containing water. Herein, it was found that three model iodinated phenolic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), 2-iodophenol, 4-iodophenol and 2,4,6-triiodophenol, were reactive with HOCl, and the reaction rate constants (at pH 7.0 and 25℃) were 1.86 ×102, 1.62 ×102 and 7.5 ×101 M−1s−1, respectively. When HOCl was in excess (HOCl/iodophenol = 40/1, [iodophenol]0 = 20 μM), acute toxicity of water sample containing iodophenols could be largely eliminated (> 85%), with the conversion of iodophenols into stable and non-toxic iodate (IO3−) and iodinated and chlorinated aliphatic DBPs. Besides IO3−, seven kinds of aromatic intermediate products including iodophenols, chloroiodophenols, iodoquinones, chloroiodoquinones, chloroquinones, chlorophenols, and coupling products were detected. C-I bond of iodophenols was cleaved in the reaction and the resulted aromatic products were further transformed into chlorinated aliphatic DBPs [trichloromethane (TCM), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and chloral hydrate (CH)] (mg/L level) and iodinated trihalomethanes (μg/L level). HOCl was effective for converting iodophenols into IO3− and less toxic chlorinated aliphatic DBPs. Considering that chlorine was widely used as disinfectant, transformation and toxicity alteration of emerging DBPs during chlorination/booster chlorination warrant further investigations. [Display omitted]