A deep-learning-based surrogate model for Monte-Carlo simulations of the linear energy transfer in primary brain tumor patients treated with proton-beam radiotherapy

• Published in: Physics in medicine & biology 2024-08, Vol.69 (16), p.165034
• Main Authors: Starke, Sebastian, Kieslich, Aaron, Palkowitsch, Martina, Hennings, Fabian, G C Troost, Esther, Krause, Mechthild, Bensberg, Jona, Hahn, Christian, Heinzelmann, Feline, Bäumer, Christian, Lühr, Armin, Timmermann, Beate, Löck, Steffen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Brain Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging; Brain Neoplasms - radiotherapy; brain tumor; Deep Learning; Humans; Linear Energy Transfer; Monte Carlo Method; NTCP models; Proton Therapy - methods; proton-beam therapy; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted - methods; relative biological effectiveness
• ISSN: 0031-9155; 1361-6560; 1361-6560
• DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad64b7

This study explores the use of neural networks (NNs) as surrogate models for Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations in predicting the dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LET ) of protons in proton-beam therapy based on the planned dose distribution and patient anatomy in the form of computed tomography (CT) images. As LET is associated with variability in the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons, we also evaluate the implications of using NN predictions for normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models within a variable-RBE context. The predictive performance of three-dimensional NN architectures was evaluated using five-fold cross-validation on a cohort of brain tumor patients ( = 151). The best-performing model was identified and externally validated on patients from a different center ( = 107). LET predictions were compared to MC-simulated results in clinically relevant regions of interest. We assessed the impact on NTCP models by leveraging LET predictions to derive RBE-weighted doses, using the Wedenberg RBE model. We found NNs based solely on the planned dose distribution, i.e. without additional usage of CT images, can approximate MC-based LET distributions. Root mean squared errors (RMSE) for the median LET within the brain, brainstem, CTV, chiasm, lacrimal glands (ipsilateral/contralateral) and optic nerves (ipsilateral/contralateral) were 0.36, 0.87, 0.31, 0.73, 0.68, 1.04, 0.69 and 1.24 keV  m , respectively. Although model predictions showed statistically significant differences from MC outputs, these did not result in substantial changes in NTCP predictions, with RMSEs of at most 3.2 percentage points. The ability of NNs to predict LET based solely on planned dose distributions suggests a viable alternative to compute-intensive MC simulations in a variable-RBE setting. This is particularly useful in scenarios where MC simulation data are unavailable, facilitating resource-constrained proton therapy treatment planning, retrospective patient data analysis and further investigations on the variability of proton RBE.