2291. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Kinetics Among Immunologically Naïve Adults: Comparison by Variant and Reinfection Status

• Published in: Open forum infectious diseases 2023-11, Vol.10 (Supplement_2)
• Main Authors: Doll, Margaret K, Shakoor, Brianna Levenson, Kimball, Louise E, Crukley, Jeffery, Ozbek, Nina, Blazevic, Rachel L, Mose, Larry, Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim, Stevens-Ayers, Terry L, Cornell, Kevin, Sheppard, Benjamin D, Hampson, Emma, Sharmin, Faria, Goodwin, Benjamin, Dan, Jennifer M, Archie, Tom, O’Connor, Terry, Boeckh, Michael J, Crotty, Shane, Waghmare, Alpana
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 2328-8957; 2328-8957
• DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad500.1913

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics offer insights into clinical trajectories and immune responses. While research has explored SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics by variant and immune status, changes in population immunity make results difficult to interpret. Here, we examined SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics in a community-based cohort of immunologically naïve adults. Methods Unvaccinated adults 30 to 64 years of age without prior infection were followed for ≤ 72 weeks. Subjects submitted weekly nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR; if symptomatic or positive, swabs were collected every other day (up to 14 days). We examined RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) results from infections with sufficient data, defined as ≥ 3 swabs collected between ‒10 and 28 days of the peak Ct value with ≥ 1 Ct< 30. Bayesian hierarchical piecewise models were used to estimate viral kinetics by variant (classified by date) or first vs. second infections using data from peak swabs and those collected within ±3 days of another swab; if negative, Ct values were set to the detection limit and only the first of consecutive negatives were included. Results Sufficient data were available for 179/187 (96%) first SARS-CoV-2 infections, with 27 (15%) Delta, 132 (74%) Omicron BA.1/BA.2, and 20 (11%) Omicron BA.4/BA.5 infections. Of these, 35 (20%) subjects had a second infection while unvaccinated (32 [91%] sufficient data). Figure 1 shows Ct values and model predictions by variant or infection status. Lower mean peak Ct values were found for first vs. second infections (‒5.7, 95% CI: ‒7.4, ‒4.1 cycles), and suggested for Delta vs. Omicron BA.1/BA.2 infections (‒1.4, 95% CI: ‒3.0, 0.5 cycles). Delta had a shorter mean time to peak (‒2.5, 95% CI: ‒3.8, ‒1.3 days) and longer clearance (2.7, 95% CI: 0.7, 4.9 days) vs. Omicron BA.1/BA.2 infections; first infections had longer clearance (3.5, 95% CI: 1.4, 5.3 days) vs. second infections.Figure 1.Participant RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) trajectories with model predictions (black lines) and 95% credible intervals (gray ribbons) by variant or infection status. Conclusion Modeled estimates suggest Delta infections experienced higher viral loads, shorter time to peak, and longer clearance times compared with Omicron BA.1/BA.2. First infections had higher viral loads and longer clearance times vs. second infections. As population immunity is dynamic, characterizing viral kinetics among immunologically naïve individuals is valuable to inform SARS-CoV-2 trajectories