Optimization of Road Surface Wetness Classification Using Feature Selection Algorithms and Sensor Fusion

• Published in: IEEE access 2022, Vol.10, p.106248-106257
• Main Authors: Doring, Jakob, Scholtyssek, Julia, Beering, Andreas, Krieger, Karl-Ludwig
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Advanced driver assistance systems; Algorithms; Arrays; Capacitive sensors; Classification; Data acquisition; driver assistance; Feature extraction; Feature selection; Friction reduction; Linings; Measurement; Moisture measurement; Optimization; road surface wetness detection; Roads; Search problems; Sensor fusion; Steering; Surface wetness; Vehicle safety; Water film; Water sprays; wetness classification
• ISSN: 2169-3536; 2169-3536
• DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3211648

Due to the correlation between friction reduction and the road-covering water film height, knowledge about the current wetness level is of relevance for drivers and autonomous systems. A promising approach for wetness quantification is based on capacitive transducer arrays that enable to detect water spray ejected by the tires. Even though previous studies on this approach have shown the feasibility of wetness classification, optimization opportunities exist. While these previous investigations were limited to one feature selection algorithm, we study various algorithms and demonstrate the potential for optimization. Besides an application-specific algorithm that is capable of determining class-dependent features resulting in a performance improvement of more than 0.03 for the considered evaluation metrics, sequential forward floating selection in particular yields the most significant performance increase of more than 0.06. In addition, prior studies were limited to a test track with constrained conditions. Thus, in order to study the transferability of the preceding results, we present investigations on new experimental data acquired on public roads. The unknown and varying environmental conditions on public roads as well as a larger wheel speed range and steering angle effects are shown to significantly decrease classifier performance. We demonstrate that fusing two transducer arrays of different wheel arch liners increases performance by around 0.02. Here, a considerable information benefit can be attributed to the different transducer positions with design-related advantages. Furthermore, we show that the fusion with additional sensor data available in the vehicle results in a further performance improvement of more than 0.02.