Optically Transparent Beam-Steering Reflectarray Antennas Based on a Liquid Crystal for Millimeter-Wave Applications

• Published in: IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 2024-01, Vol.72 (1), p.614-627
• Main Authors: Aghabeyki, Peyman, de la Rosa, Pablo, Cano-Garcia, Manuel, Quintana, Xabier, Guirado, Robert, Zhang, Shuai
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anisotropy; Antenna arrays; Antenna design; Antennas; Beam steering; Discretization; Electric fields; Electrodes; Finite element method; Inhomogeneity; liquid crystal (LC); Liquid crystals; metallic mesh; Metals; Millimeter waves; Mixtures; Optical device fabrication; Optical reflection; optical transparent; Permittivity; Radio frequency; Radio signals; reflectarray (RA); Tensors; transparent antennas; Unit cell
• ISSN: 0018-926X; 1558-2221
• DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2023.3332473

This study presents a method to realize an optically transparent beam-steering antenna. The RF and optical features of liquid crystal (LC) technology are used in combination with transparent metal mesh to realize the first optically transparent reconfigurable reflectarray (RA). Since the electric field of bias and radio frequency (RF) signals is highly nonuniform, the LC permittivity is both anisotropic and inhomogeneous, and thus, the behavior of LC molecules needs to be obtained for accurate modeling prior to antenna design. A unit cell consisting of metallic mesh and LC is analyzed and the LC director distribution is obtained. The director data are transformed into permittivity tensors in the entire LC volume and the LC is discretized in electromagnetic (EM) simulation software to perform full-wave periodic boundary simulation to model the anisotropy and inhomogeneity. The discretized model is approximated by a single dielectric block with a new permittivity range for GT7 LC material. A 10\times10 RA is fabricated and measured in terms of optical and RF performance. The measured phase shift of the unit cell is 260° when the voltage is increased from 0 to 40 V. The measured beam scans from −10° to 50° in the E-plane and from −50 to +50 in the H-plane with a 14.35-dBi maximum gain. The prototype optical performance is also measured. The benefits and drawbacks of current RF LC mixtures are discussed. It shows that with an appropriate LC mixture optimized for both RF and optical transmission, the LC-based optically transparent antennas are a viable solution for various new applications.