MERIT: A Sustainable DNN Accelerator Design with Photonic Phase-Change Memory

• Published in: IEEE transactions on sustainable computing 2025, p.1-12
• Main Authors: Li, Yuan, Louri, Ahmed, Karanth, Avinash
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: accelerator; Artificial neural networks; deep neural network; inference; Kernel; Magneto electrical resistivity imaging technique; Memristors; Parallel processing; Performance evaluation; Phase change materials; Photonics; Silicon photonics; Training; Vectors
• ISSN: 2377-3782; 2377-3790
• DOI: 10.1109/TSUSC.2024.3521847

The growing computational demands of deep learning have driven interest in analog neural networks using resistive memory and silicon photonics. However, these technologies face inherent limitations in computing parallelism when used independently. Photonic phase-change memory (PCM), which integrates photonics with PCM, overcomes these constraints by enabling simultaneous processing of multiple inputs encoded on different wavelengths, significantly enhancing parallel computation for deep neural network (DNN) inference and training. This paper presents MERIT, a sustainable DNN accelerator that capitalizes on the non-volatility of resistive memory and the high operating speed of photonic devices. MERIT enables seamless inference and training by loading weight kernels into photonic PCM arrays and selectively supplying light encoded with input features for the forward pass and loss gradients for the backward pass. We compare MERIT with state-of-the-art digital and analog DNN accelerators including TPU, DEAP, and PTC. Simulation results demonstrate that MERIT reduces execution time by 68% and energy consumption by 64% for inference, and reduces execution time by 79% and energy consumption by 84% for training.