A practical and theoretical definition of very small field size for radiotherapy output factor measurements

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2014-04, Vol.41 (4), p.041707-n/a
• Main Authors: Charles, P. H., Cranmer-Sargison, G., Thwaites, D. I., Crowe, S. B., Kairn, T., Knight, R. T., Kenny, J., Langton, C. M., Trapp, J. V.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: ALIGNMENT; BEAM POSITION; BEAM PRODUCTION; Collimators; COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION; Dose‐volume analysis; DOSIMETRY; Dosimetry/exposure assessment; Electron scattering; Electrons; Error analysis; ERRORS; Field size; LINEAR ACCELERATORS; Monte Carlo; MONTE CARLO METHOD; Monte Carlo methods; nonequilibrium; output factors; Particle Accelerators; PHANTOMS; Photon scattering; Photons; Photons - therapeutic use; Position sensitive detectors; RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY; radiation therapy; RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE; Radiometry; RADIOTHERAPY; Radiotherapy - instrumentation; Radiotherapy - methods; Scintigraphy; small field; very small field
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209
• DOI: 10.1118/1.4868461

Purpose: This work introduces the concept of very small field size. Output factor (OPF) measurements at these field sizes require extremely careful experimental methodology including the measurement of dosimetric field size at the same time as each OPF measurement. Two quantifiable scientific definitions of the threshold of very small field size are presented. Methods: A practical definition was established by quantifying the effect that a 1 mm error in field size or detector position had on OPFs and setting acceptable uncertainties on OPF at 1%. Alternatively, for a theoretical definition of very small field size, the OPFs were separated into additional factors to investigate the specific effects of lateral electronic disequilibrium, photon scatter in the phantom, and source occlusion. The dominant effect was established and formed the basis of a theoretical definition of very small fields. Each factor was obtained using Monte Carlo simulations of a Varian iX linear accelerator for various square field sizes of side length from 4 to 100 mm, using a nominal photon energy of 6 MV. Results: According to the practical definition established in this project, field sizes ≤15 mm were considered to be very small for 6 MV beams for maximal field size uncertainties of 1 mm. If the acceptable uncertainty in the OPF was increased from 1.0% to 2.0%, or field size uncertainties are 0.5 mm, field sizes ≤12 mm were considered to be very small. Lateral electronic disequilibrium in the phantom was the dominant cause of change in OPF at very small field sizes. Thus the theoretical definition of very small field size coincided to the field size at which lateral electronic disequilibrium clearly caused a greater change in OPF than any other effects. This was found to occur at field sizes ≤12 mm. Source occlusion also caused a large change in OPF for field sizes ≤8 mm. Based on the results of this study, field sizes ≤12 mm were considered to be theoretically very small for 6 MV beams. Conclusions: Extremely careful experimental methodology including the measurement of dosimetric field size at the same time as output factor measurement for each field size setting and also very precise detector alignment is required at field sizes at least ≤12 mm and more conservatively≤15 mm for 6 MV beams. These recommendations should be applied in addition to all the usual considerations for small field dosimetry, including careful detector selection.