Brain Alterations in Autoimmune and Pharmacological Models of Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Disturbances

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is linked to an ‘encephalopathy’ explained by some features common to the aging process, degenerative and functional disorders of the central nervous system. In the present study we describe a manifest hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in two differ...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Neuroimmunomodulation 2008-01, Vol.15 (1), p.61-67
Main Authors: Beauquis, J., Homo-Delarche, F., Revsin, Y., De Nicola, A.F., Saravia, F.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - immunology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology
Disease Models, Animal
Encephalitis - immunology
Encephalitis - physiopathology
Endocrine System Diseases - immunology
Endocrine System Diseases - physiopathology
Gliosis - immunology
Gliosis - physiopathology
Glucocorticoids - immunology
Glucocorticoids - metabolism
Glucocorticoids - secretion
Hippocampus - immunology
Hippocampus - physiopathology
Humans
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - immunology
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - physiopathology
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - secretion
Pituitary-Adrenal System - immunology
Pituitary-Adrenal System - physiopathology
Pituitary-Adrenal System - secretion
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Summary:Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is linked to an ‘encephalopathy’ explained by some features common to the aging process, degenerative and functional disorders of the central nervous system. In the present study we describe a manifest hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in two different experimental mouse models of T1D including the pharmacological one induced by streptozotocin and the spontaneous NOD (nonobese diabetic mice). The high expression of hypothalamic hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin were part to this alteration, together with elevated adrenal glucocorticoids and prominent susceptibility to stress. In the hippocampus of diabetic animals a marked astrogliosis, often associated with neural damage, was present. Dentate gyrus neurogenesis was also affected by the disease: proliferation and differentiation measured by bromodeoxyuridine immunodetection were significantly reduced in both experimental models used. Several facts, including changes associated with chronic hyperglycemia, hyperstimulation of the HPA axis, increased levels of circulating glucocorticoids in combination with brain inflammation and low production of new neurons, contribute to emphasize the impact of diabetes on the central nervous system.
ISSN:1021-7401
1423-0216
DOI:10.1159/000135625