PanicRoom: a virtual reality-based Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm

• Published in: Frontiers in psychology 2024-10, Vol.15, p.1432141
• Main Authors: Lucifora, Chiara, Gangemi, Aldo, D'Italia, Giovanni, Culicetto, Laura, Ferraioli, Francesca, Grasso, Giorgio Mario, Vicario, Carmelo Mario
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: experimental paradigm; fear conditioning; Pavlovian (classical) conditioning; Pavlovian fear conditioning task in virtual reality; virtual reality
• ISSN: 1664-1078; 1664-1078
• DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1432141

Pavlovian fear conditioning is an experimental paradigm used to study the acquisition and extinction of fear responses and the various aspects of fear and anxiety. We developed a virtual reality (VR) version of this paradigm to leverage the benefits of virtual reality, such as ecological validity, standardization, safety, and therapeutic applications. Our objective was to create an open-source and immersive environment for studying fear-related responses using Unity Engine 3D and the Oculus Rift device. In this virtual environment, the participants encountered a monster screaming at 100 dB approaching them as the fear-inducing stimulus (unconditioned stimulus or US). Our protocol included three sessions: habituation, acquisition, and extinction, with two stimuli associated with different doors (blue vs. red). The blue door (CS+) was linked to the US, while the red door (CS-) was the control. We tested this VR paradigm on 84 young participants, recording their skin conductance response (SCRs) and fear stimulus ratings (FSRs) on a 10-point Likert scale. The findings showed significantly higher SCRs and FSRs for CS+ as compared to CS- during the acquisition phase and higher SCRs and FSRs for CS+ during the acquisition phase as compared to the habituation and extinction sessions. These results supported the reliability of the protocol for studying fear and anxiety-related conditions.