Exploring the Potential of Sustainable Acid Whey Cheese Supplemented with Apple Pomace and GABA-Producing Indigenous Lactococcus lactis Strain

• Published in: Microorganisms (Basel) 2023-02, Vol.11 (2), p.436
• Main Authors: Mileriene, Justina, Serniene, Loreta, Kasparaviciene, Beatrice, Lauciene, Lina, Kasetiene, Neringa, Zakariene, Gintare, Kersiene, Milda, Leskauskaite, Daiva, Viskelis, Jonas, Kourkoutas, Yiannis, Malakauskas, Mindaugas
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: acid whey cheese; Amino acids; Antimicrobial agents; Apple pomace; Apples; Bile; Carbohydrates; Cheese; Cold storage; Dairy industry; Dairy products; Dietary fiber; Dietary supplements; Food products; Fruits; functional cheese; GABA; Glutamic acid; Lactococcus lactis; Lactose; Milk; Moisture effects; Prebiotics; probiotic Lactococcus lactis; Probiotics; Protein composition; Proteins; Proteolysis; Syrups & sweeteners; Whey; Whey protein; γ-Aminobutyric acid
• ISSN: 2076-2607; 2076-2607
• DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020436

This study aimed to utilize two by-products, acid whey and apple pomace, as well as an indigenous LL16 strain with the probiotic potential to produce a sustainable cheese with functional properties. Acid whey protein cheese was made by thermocoagulation of fresh acid whey and enhancing the final product by adding apple pomace, LL16 strain, or a mixture of both. The sensory, the physicochemical, the proteolytic, and the microbiological parameters were evaluated during 14 days of refrigerated storage. The supplementation of the cheese with apple pomace affected ( ≤ 0.05) the cheese composition (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber), the texture, the color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), and the overall sensory acceptability. The addition of the presumptive probiotic LL16 strain decreased ( ≤ 0.05) the concentration of glutamic acid, thus increasing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) significantly in the acid whey cheese. The supplementation with apple pomace resulted in slightly ( < 0.05) higher counts of LL16 on day seven, suggesting a positive effect of apple pomace components on strain survival. The symbiotic effect of apple pomace and LL16 was noted on proteolysis (pH 4.6-soluble nitrogen and free amino acids) in the cheese on day one, which may have positively influenced the overall sensory acceptance.